Definition and Examples of Generification

Generification is the use of specific brand names of products as names for the products in general.   In numerous cases over the past century, the colloquial use of a brand name as a generic term has led to the loss of a companys right to the exclusive use of that brand name. The legal term for this is genericide. For example, the common nouns aspirin, yo-yo, and trampoline were once legally protected trademarks. (In many countries—but not in the United States or the United Kingdom—Aspirin remains a registered trademark of Bayer AG.) Etymology:  From the Latin, kind Generification and Dictionaries A surprising number of words have developed contentious generic meanings: they include aspirin, band-aid, escalator, filofax, frisbee, thermos, tippex, and xerox. And the problem facing the lexicographer [dictionary-maker] is how to handle them. If it is everyday usage to say such things as I have a new hoover: its an Electrolux, then the dictionary, which records everyday usage, should include the generic sense. The principle has been tested several times in the courts and the right of the dictionary-makers to include such usages is repeatedly upheld. But the decision still has to be made: when does a proprietary name develop a sufficient general usage to be safely called generic? From Brand Names to Generic Terms These words below have gradually slipped from brand names to generic terms: Elevator and escalator were both originally trademarks of the Otis Elevator Company.Zipper: A name given to a separable fastener by the B.F. Goodrich Company many years after it was invented. The new name helped the zipper attain popularity in the 1930s.Loafer: For a moccasin-like shoe.Cellophane: For a transparent wrap made of cellulose.Granola: A trademark registered in 1886 by W.K. Kellogg, now used for a natural kind of breakfast cereal.  Ping pong: For table tennis, a trademark registered by Parker Brothers in 1901. Source David Crystal,  Words, Words, Words. Oxford University Press, 2006  Allan Metcalf, Predicting New Words:  The Secrets of Their Success. Houghton Mifflin, 2002

How Social Class And Race Limits Opportunity - 1567 Words

How social class and race limits opportunity in education America’s education system is one of the most respectable, reputable and sought after commodities in our society, but it is also the most overcrowded, discriminatory, and controversial system ever established. Most people yearn for a higher education because it s what s expected in this society in order to get ahead. It means a better job, more money, power, prestige and a sense of entitlement. But this system has let down the children that are supposed to benefit from it. Education discriminates against minorities, and poorer class students are not expected nor encouraged to attain a higher education. The education system is set up to ensure that every child get a basic†¦show more content†¦She herself was put in the education system thinking she must assimilate, but with perseverance and the determination to succeed on her own terms, she was seen as the exception in her culture. Being the exception, angered Hooks and made her more determined to help children rid th emselves of this stereotype. Being successful in education means it was hard fought and deserved not just an exception. In trying to establish an identity that borders their own culture and one that s accepted within the education system, children are often teased, ridiculed, and mocked. This continues until they conform to the behavior accepted by their peers. Children are often taught to disregard family values and traditions which undermines a child s character. Having a teacher or peer reinforce the fact that their behavior isn t acceptable has devastating and lasting effects on children because they don t know any better. Language is a good example of a difficulty a minority child might have when encountering an educational setting. In order to be successful, a child must have the opportunity to relate both with their community and their educational system to take one away with little explanation leaves a child confused. As Bell Hooks says, that to deny ourselves daily use of s peech patterns that are common and familiar, that embody the unique and distinctive aspect of our self is one of the ways we become estranged and alienated

Mental Health Mood and Behavior

Question: Discuss about theMental Healthfor Mood and Behavior. Answer: Mental illness is psychological disorder that affects a persons feeling, mood and behavior. It significantly has an effect on the daily life experience of participants and mentally ill patients are challenged by these issues in their life. Effective recovery process in mentally ill patient is dependent early diagnosis. The recovery-oriented principle of mental health practice emphasizes on delivering the mental health services in such a way that it support mental health consumer in the recovery process. For a mentally ill patient, recovery means retaining the hope, social identify, positive feeling and purpose of life. The recovery principle provides this to patient by identifying the uniqueness of the individual, empowering people to make real choices, respecting rights of patient and preserving the dignity of patients (Kidd, Kenny, McKinstry, 2015). Through the examination of the lived experience of mental illness in Mary O Hagan, the essay analyses the difference between clinical and personal recovery. It also explores the challenges faced by mental health nurses in working according to the recovery-oriented principle. The analysis of the extract reading from the O Hagan, (2014) presents the case of Janet, a nineteen year old girl who started experiencing severe distress and had a difficult life for years. Between the age of 10 to 15, she was sexually abused by her uncle and she later resorted to heavy drinking to deal with her shame. With this background experience of Jane, the article presents two versions of the story. The two versions differentiate between the impact of traditional mental health service and recovery oriented mental health service on health of Jane (OHagan, 2014). While the traditional mental health service focuses on clinical recovery, personal recovery is also an aspect of recovery. According to the perspective of mental health professionals, clinical recovery is achieved when patients get rid of symptoms and treatment process restores their social functioning in life. In short, it means getting back to living a normal life (Drake Whitley, 2014). On the other hand, personal r ecovery is an idea given by people with lived experience of mental illness and for them personal recovery means the process of changing attitude, values, skills and goal in mentally ill patients. It encourages the idea of living a hopeful life within the limitations of illness. A person can go beyond the devastating effect of mental illness by developing a new interest or meaning in ones life (Hickey, Pryjmachuk, Waterman, 2016). Hence, clinical recovery promotes recovery by mitigating the symptoms of mental illness, whereas the personal recovery motivates a patient to live a hopeful life within the boundaries of mental illness. Recovery-oriented principle also promotes personal recovery of patients. The benefits of recovery-oriented principle and the limitations of the traditional mental health service is understood from the two versions of the story regarding the lived experience of Jane. In the first version, Janet was taken to a mental health service by her friend Emma, when she decided to jump off a motorway bridge. As the GP was not available, Janet finally consulted the mental health crisis team. Due to the irrational response of the crisis team, Janet took an overdose of drugs as she felt humiliated. Janet did not received the proper clinical care that she needed from the psychiatrist and most of the staff were not interested in knowing how Janet felt or coped with her condition on a daily basis. Furthermore, she was overwhelmed with gloomy feelings about future and felt crazy with boredom as she remained locked in the ward. The psychiatrist was very evasive and did not have any feasible practical ad vice to give to Janets mother apart from taking her medications on time. The ultimate impact of such treatment methods on Janet was that she was estranged from her family member. She has left work for almost five years and continuous injections and drug has left little vitality in her (OHagan, 2014). The above experience of Janet reflects that traditional mental health service completely ignored the patients belief and dignity while providing care. They did not worked on enhancing the motivation level of patient to promote recovery. This model of clinical recovery focused just on eliminating the symptoms; however it ignored spiritual well-being of patients. In case of mentally ill patients, it is necessary that patient freedom, choices and hope is modified so that they develop a new meaning in life and learns to cope with the disease even if the patients continues to have the disease (Tickle, Brown, Hayward, 2014). The limitations found in traditional clinical recover process can be addressed by the recovery-oriented principles of mental health. The advantage of this model of care above other mental health service is that focuses on the lived experience of patients to promote attitudinal change in patients. The combination of lived experience along with clinical skill of mental health practitioners offers the opportunity to challenges the traditional method of mental health service delivery. In this case, the treatment in informed by lived experience of patients (Park et al., 2014). Although recovery-oriented practice has emerged as a innovative method of practice in mental health service, however the uptake of recovery orientation has many challenges. Unless a staff understands the concrete benefit of this approach, they cannot implement it in their practice setting. Mental health nurses may not understand the meaning of recovery according to this approach (Slade et al., 2014). The core elements of the recovery oriented approach and its holistic benefit is understood from the second version of Janets theory, which depicts her health outcome after seeking the recovery-oriented approach to mental health. In this case, Janets friend, Emma consulted online mental health service rockup.com after Janet tried to commit suicide. In the online website, Janet had to answer some questions and got a phone call from Rock Up. Janet felt very relieved after talking to the peer support worker and the clinical worker as it gave her the feeling that staff are willing to listen and understand. This reflects partnership and communication aspect of recovery oriented principle where carers promote recovery by working in positive partnership with patients to realize the goals and aspiration in mental health. The willingness to listen gives the feeling to patient that mental health professionals and courteous and respectful during the interaction (Rapp Goscha, 2011).As Lisa also listened patiently to Janets health issues and difficulties in life, it promoted sensitivity and respect in patient nurse relationship. The second version of Janets story mentions the adequate support given to Janet by the Rock Up service as she started feeling suicidal after few weeks. Lisa shifter her to a peer-run crisis home where she felt very safe and her peer mentor, Helen counseled her and explained her about the different factors leading to mental problem. In the first version, when Janet was feeling paranoid and felt like she was feeling to die, the nurse did not provided any support to her and just opened the window and asked her to sleep. However, when Janet faced a similar situation at Rock Up, the peer worker rubbed her back and assured her that her feeling will go away after sometime. By this form of practice, mentally ill patients feel valued and develop an optimistic attitude during the treatment process. This is an example of carer-inclusive approach to service delivery (A national framework for recovery-oriented mental health services, 2017). Helens role was influential in helping Janet cope with her life struggles and she became an inspiration for Janet. Many positive outcome was seen in Janet as felt relaxed to share her feelings with someone who had a lived experience of mental illness and who seem to understand her difficulties and struggle very well. Initially she was clueless about her life and felt highly isolated, however after the interaction with Janet she was more hopeful towards life. This was a significant change as this motivated her to engage in pleasure activities like art sessions and creative writing group. She also applied for an online recovery education course. She became aware of the pros and cons of medication and decided to take minimal dose of anti-psychotics. The struggle that she faced initially at nursing school was also addressed by student support services as it helped Janet to find strategies to manage stress in nursing placement. The ultimate impact of the recovery-oriented practice for Jan et six years later was that she made new friends and her work gave her the opportunity to shared her lived experience with other patients. Her life is much better and positive most of the time (OHagan, 2014). Hence, the analysis of the experience of Janet in Rock Up depicts that other form of response is possible so that patient are engaged in their personal recovery process. Recovery oriented principle not only promotes self-determination in patient to deal with life struggles, it also support them in establishing appropriate connection with the community. Mental health professional following this approach can facilitate social justice for this group of patients too (Gilburt et al., 2013). The essay developed the understanding of the lived experience of mental health by means of experience of Janet, mentioned in the autobiography by O, Hagan. The account of the lived experience of Janet in two context- the traditional mental health service and recovery-oriented service clearly revealed the difference in outcome between these two forms of intervention in promoting recovery of mentally ill patients. Although the clinical recovery focus on elimination of physical symptoms of mental illness, the recovery oriented principle integrated clinical recovery along with personal recovery to ensure that patients lead a positive and contributing life even with the disease. Recovery-oriented practice is gradually emerging in mental health setting, however nurses face challenges in its application as they feel that they cannot follow it in their day to work. Traditional mental health services ignore this method as any new practice is associated with great resistance from staffs. Appro priate policy and training of staffs is needed to efficiently implement and integrate recovery-oriented practice in mainstream mental health service. Reference A national framework for recovery-oriented mental health services. (2017). Retrieved 22 April 2017, from https://www.mhima.org.au/pdfs/Recovery%20Framework%202013_Policy_theory.pdf Drake, R. E., Whitley, R. (2014). Recovery and severe mental illness: description and analysis.The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry,59(5), 236-242. Gilburt, H., Slade, M., Bird, V., Oduola, S., Craig, T. K. (2013). Promoting recovery-oriented practice in mental health services: a quasi-experimental mixed-methods study.BMC psychiatry,13(1), 167. Hickey, J. E., Pryjmachuk, S., Waterman, H. (2016). Exploring personal recovery in mental illness through an Arabic sociocultural lens.Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. Kidd, S., Kenny, A., McKinstry, C. (2015). The meaning of recovery in a regional mental health service: an action research study.Journal of advanced nursing,71(1), 181-192. OHagan, M. (2014). Madness Made Me. A Memoir.Wellington, NZ: Open Box. Park, M. M., Zafran, H., Stewart, J., Salsberg, J., Ells, C., Rouleau, S., ... Valente, T. W. (2014). Transforming mental health services: a participatory mixed methods study to promote and evaluate the implementation of recovery-oriented services.Implementation science,9(1), 119. Rapp, C. A., Goscha, R. J. (2011).The strengths model: A recovery-oriented approach to mental health services. OUP USA. Slade, M., Amering, M., Farkas, M., Hamilton, B., O'Hagan, M., Panther, G., ... Whitley, R. (2014). Uses and abuses of recovery: implementing recovery?oriented practices in mental health systems.World Psychiatry,13(1), 12-20. Tickle, A., Brown, D., Hayward, M. (2014). Can we risk recovery? A grounded theory of clinical psychologists' perceptions of risk and recovery?oriented mental health services.Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice,87(1), 96-110.

R.S Peters free essay sample

Richard Stanley Peters was a British philosopher. His work belongs mainly to the areas of political theory, philosophical psychology, and philosophy of education. Peters gives us an idea about the notion of discipline, authority and freedom. In ethics and education, R. S Peters speaks of education as ‘initiation into activities or modes of thought and conduct that are worthwhile’. According to Peter, the notion of discipline is tied to the learning situation and refers to the very general activity of submission to rules or system of order, whether externally brought about or self-imposed. The formal school education will be difficult to maintain without the existence of certain rules. Children are socialised in such a way that from an early stage itself some form of discipline are adopted in the form of reward and sanction at school. As they grow, they adapt themselves to the situation and implement the disciplines in their lives. We will write a custom essay sample on R.S Peters or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Adults are the first teachers in a child life. A child can take the parents or a teacher at school itself as a role model and disciplined himself according to the disciplines of the role model. So it is very important for a teacher to be a disciplined one. The concept of social control at school is linked with authority. Teachers are put in authority to do certain jobs for the community and to maintain social control at school at the same time. As teachers, they are naturally given authority over the students. Part of what a teacher is expected to do is to maintain an orderly environment conducive to learning, for the benefit of all concern. However, when teachers find that learners are not respecting this ‘authority’, teachers may try to back it up with corporal punishment. We must note that by doing so, teachers are moving away from true legitimate authority into the area of power and force. Authority is based on right while power and force have nothing to do with rights. It was R. S Peters who first pointed out the difference between a teacher ‘in authority’ and a teacher being ‘an authority. Teachers are legitimately placed in authority. This authority needs to be built and maintained. Teachers as ‘an authority’ have a sound, broad and deep knowledge of what is to be taught and how to teach it. Freedom has both positive and negative dimension. Freedom is important as it promotes the interest of people and maximises the opportunities for doing what is worthwhile. However, teachers and parents are often put into dilemma of whether to let the children decide for themselves or not. Many children often choose what is bad and their life changes from good to bad as their choice proceed. In educational aspect, the application of freedom is not so simple. Children are compelled to go to school and also the conditions under which learning takes place make it imperative that something like the rule of law should be established within the educational situation. There are many controversies concerning authority, freedom and discipline in the education system. Some would argue that freedom is morally desirable and a minimum authority should be exercised on children so that they are ready for adulthood. Some would say that the current lack of law in the community is exactly the outcome of too much freedom.

The Philosophy of Rehabilitation Essays

The Philosophy of Rehabilitation Essays The Philosophy of Rehabilitation Essay The Philosophy of Rehabilitation Essay The philosophy of rehabilitation refers to the use of prisons as correctional facilities. Up until the end of the nineteenth century, the judicial system used prisons to hold prisoners awaiting trial or as places where persons were punished. Other remedies for offenders included corporal punishment, exile, and even execution. The remedies did not, however, limit the rate of crime. In response to the poor efficiency and use of prisons, the early twentieth century developed correctional institutions, where prisoners were meant to be rehabilitated. The correctional institutes employed different tools to try and improve the lives of the inmates when they were re-inducted into the society. The civil rights movement and the Vietnam War were among some of the most socially disruptive events of the mid-1960s all through to the 1970s. In addition to this, the judicial system saw some of the most incompetent years in the history of the USA. The judges were lenient to dangerous criminals, offering paroles in the name of the constitution. The conservatives saw the misuse of the judicial system and the correctional institutes around the country by the prison administration. The liberals, on the other hand, were more concerned with the injustices that the philosophy of rehabilitation has endorsed. The integrity of the judicial systems had been defeated in a significant manner. Both conservatives and liberals, therefore, moved to attack rehabilitation as a recourse to the crime problem. In 1974, Dr. Martinson published an article indicating the futile nature of the government and society of the USA in rehabilitating prisoners. It is in this article that he coined the term, Nothing works. The article analyzed the different solutions that the government had tried to come up with to improve the crime situation. The nothing works doctrine was one of the most famous politically motivated phrases of the 1970s.

Explaining a Misdemeanor and Why It Can Be a Big Deal

Explaining a Misdemeanor and Why It Can Be a Big Deal A misdemeanor is a lesser crime in the United States with less severe penalties than felonies, but more severe punishments than infractions. Generally, misdemeanors are crimes for which the maximum sentence is 12 months or less. Many states have laws that establish different levels or classifications for misdemeanors, such as Class 1, Class 2, etc. The most severe classes are those that are punishable by jail time, while the other classifications are misdemeanors for which the maximum sentence does not include incarceration. Misdemeanor sentences of incarceration are usually served in the local city or county jail, while felony sentences are served in prison. Most misdemeanor sentences, however, usually involve paying a fine and doing community service or serving probation. Except in a very few states, people convicted of misdemeanors do not lose any civil rights, as convicted felons do, but can be prohibited from getting certain jobs. Classifications Differ by State It is up to each state to determine specifically which behaviors are criminal and then classify the behavior based on a set of parameters and the severity of the crime. Examples of how states differ when determining crimes and penalties are outlined below with the marijuana and drunk driving laws in different states. Marijuana Laws There are significant differences in laws governing marijuana from one state, city or country to another and from state and federal perceptions. While Alaska, Arizona, California and 20 other states have legalized (or decriminalized) the personal use of medical marijuana, other states including Washington, Oregon, and Colorado have legalized recreational and medical marijuana. A handful of states including Alabama (any amount is a misdemeanor) and Arkansas (less than 4 oz. is a misdemeanor) consider the possession of (specific amounts) of marijuana as a misdemeanor. Drunk Driving Laws Each state has different laws governing drunk driving (driving while intoxicated - DWI or Operating Under the Influence - OUI) including the legal limits, the number of DWI offenses, and the penalties. In most states, a person who receives their first or second DUI is charged with a misdemeanor while the third or subsequent offense is a felony. However, in some states, if there is property damage or someone is hurt, the penalty jumps to a felony. Others states, for example, Maryland, consider all DUI offenses as misdemeanors and New Jersey classifies DUIs as a violation, and not a crime. What Is the Difference Between Infractions and Misdemeanors? Sometimes people will refer to their crime as, just a misdemeanor, and while being charged with a misdemeanor is less serious than being charged with a felony, it is still a very serious charge that if found guilty, could result in jail time, heavy fines, community service, and probation. There are also legal fees that should be considered. Also, failure to follow any of the court-ordered conditions of a misdemeanor conviction will result in more misdemeanor charges and even heavier fines, possibly more jail time and extended probation and legal fees. Being charged with an infraction is a lot less serious than a misdemeanor and the penalties usually involve paying a ticket or small fine and never result in jail time unless there is a failure to pay the fine. Also, people found guilty of an infraction are not ordered to perform community service or attend problem-specific programs such as Alcoholic Anonymous or anger management. Criminal Record Misdemeanor convictions appear on a persons criminal record. It also may be legally required to disclose the particularities of the crime during job interviews, on college applications, when applying for the military or government jobs, and on loan applications. Infractions may appear on a persons driving record, but not on their criminal record. Misdemeanor Penalties The penalties for a person convicted of a misdemeanor depends on several factors including the severity of the crime, if it is a first-time offense or if the person is a repeat offender and if it was a violent or non-violent offense. Depending on the crime, misdemeanor convictions will rarely result in more than one year in the city or county jail. For petty misdemeanor convictions, the jail sentence could fall between 30 to 90 days. Most misdemeanor convictions also result in a fine up to $1,000 although for repeat offenders or for violent crimes the fine can increase up to $3,000. Sometimes a judge may impose both the jail time and a fine. If the misdemeanor involved property damage or financial loss to a victim, then the judge may order restitution. The restitution can include court costs.  Also, a court may suspend the sentence and place the defendant on probation.

History Of Olympics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History Of Olympics - Coursework Example One of the major characteristics of the ancient Greeks was their nature of competitiveness. The Greeks laid a lot of emphasis for confrontations and rivalry in the area. They majorly competed in creativity and physical and intellectual development. The prizes included olive, humble wreaths of laurel and crowns among others. These competitions culminated into dancing and songs in the honor of their God. The physical development, later on, emerged as athletics competitions. Comparison The ancient Olympic allowed people of Greek descent only to participate. On the other hand, the Olympic today features all countries in the world. Only men were allowed to take part in the ancient Greek games. Athletic in ancient Olympics was part of every free male citizen's education. In the modern day Olympics, women and men are given a similar platform for competition. Lastly, the ancient Olympic Games were a religious event in the honor of the Greek God, Zeus. On the other hand, modern day Olympic ga mes are professional affairs majorly for recreation and a source of income. Women participating As it has been stated, women were not allowed to compete in the ancient Olympics. In this case, it was rare to find a woman contestant in the Greece Olympics. However, there exists evidence that girls ran in the Olympics. Periegesis Hellados, in his description of Greece, declares that females run in the Olympic to honor the goddess Hera. Evidence on the rules applied to women participating in the Olympic can be depicted from a bronze statue.

Henry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Henry - Essay Example On approaching, he sees that the new owner of the hotel, which has been occupied up since World War II, is carrying boxes from the basement that contain personal items-clothing, photos, diaries and wedding memorabilia that belonged to Japanese families who had earlier been evacuated to internment camps during the war. Henry is taken back to his childhood by these small items, with a strong pull of memories though he tries as much as he can to resist it (Ford 308). This opening scene shows us to Henry present life, which gives the framework for the story in this Jamie Ford’s debut novel. This frame story suddenly leads the reader to the story line in 1942at Rainier Elementary school. Henry was just twelve years old and is under a scholarship. In this school, he is the only Chinese the rest are all whites. Henry’s father who is a Chinese and immensely proud of sending his son to a white school, do not at any time expect or allow anybody to be mistaken on Henry’s nationality. In the national consciousness, the events of Pearl Harbor are still fresh and Henry’s father is passionately against the Japanese and so he always sends Henry to school with a shirt with a button declaring ‘I am a Chinese’. This is the first moment of many depicts Henry’s already difficult relationship with his father (Ford 112). The tension between Henry’s American perspective and his father’s traditionalism Chi nese values is one of the major themes in the novel. He is struggling to live with his father. His life as a Chinese in an all-white school seems to be smooth, but the button provokes teasing by several of his class bullies, and his work-study job serving lunch becomes part of the day he dreaded the most. He arrives in the kitchen one day and finds a young Japanese lady, Keiko Okabe, also assigned for same shift. Being the only Japanese student in the school also, Keiko

Un Action Against Terrorism Essay Example for Free

Un Action Against Terrorism Essay The issue of coming up with ways to combat terrorism has been prioritized by the entire community internationally and it is also a major task in the United Nations. Various UN bodies have come up with different initiatives to try and combat terrorism and bring to justice those involved with the act. The most controversial issue within the UN in its battle against terrorism is the counter terrorism measures that are stipulated in the resolutions of the UN Security Council. One of the most serious threats towards human rights in the world is terrorism as it takes lives of thousands of innocent people every year and also breaks democratic orders. It is quite important for Countries to react to any threat of terrorism but at the same time there have been concerns that some forceful measures against terrorism may also greatly violate the human rights. The UN requires balancing the two competing interests in the fight against terrorism which are individual rights on one hand and protection of civilian and national security on the other hand. In some exceptional circumstances to curb threats and activities of terrorism there may be some justification to the abuse of human rights but only when it is an emergency case. It is very important for any country to ensure that any decisions that are made in order to preserve national security are according to the law, compensation is done to individuals whose rights were violated and those decisions should be subjected to review in the near future to avoid violation of human rights. The UN did not make any attempt to resume or revive the efforts that the League of Nations had made to control international terrorism after these rules were greatly interrupted by the Second World War. These efforts had finished the integration of the 1973 complementary conventions to deal with the punishment and prevention of terrorism and also the establishment of an International Criminal Court. This has resulted in a problem of international terrorism as it has been observed in a number of actions that have been carried out by the UN involving progressive development and codification of the international law since the early 1950s. Before the year 1972 the issue of terrorism was not a major topic of discussion in the general assembly of the UN. In 1972 there was a kidnapping of Israeli athletes at Munich during the Olympic Games, as this was seen as an act of terrorism, the then Secretary-General of the UN introduced an item on measures to curb terrorism and any kind of violence that would take innocent lives or endanger any human fundamental freedom to be discussed in the twenty-seventh session of the United Nations National Assembly. In 1985 the General Assembly of the UN pointed out that there may be some cases in which the perpetrators may be pushed to terrorist acts by violation of the human rights; it also urged Nations and the UN organs to make contributions to the progressive elimination of any causes underlying international terrorism. Sri Lanka is one of the examples where the UN failed to fight terrorism; this is clear in that the Sri Lanka government was able to reduce the LTTE power from being a formidable organization to a mediocre organization. The LTTE is one of the most cruel and ruthless terrorist groups that can use any weapon to cause mass destruction of property and loss of life. The UN took no action to try and bring to an end the LTTE group of terrorists but fortunately the Rajapaksa government succeeded in defeating the LTTE. The main objective of the UN is to settle disputes between countries by use of diplomatic approaches before the countries decide to use military force or before the conflict becomes uncontrollable. Unfortunately the UN has not attained this goal. The UN is a forum where member states send representatives to argue for or against their countries. These representatives have been seen to be just spokesmen for their country but back in their country they do not have any power or influence. Another issue is that those countries that are ruled by dictators or those that are not at peace use the UN debates to delay and complicate issues in their favour. Over the last fifty years during the existence of the UN the debates have not resolved any issues but threats, direct military action and hidden negotiations that were not sponsored by the UN have had positive changes in solving most of the conflicts. An example of this is the case of Iraq which was under the UN forces for over 100 years during which the Iraqi people were subjected to sufferings while on the other hand Saddam Hussein continued with his dirty games with the UN of only allowing inspection of weapons of mass destruction at certain periods and also coming up with solutions to the oil for food agreement imposed by the UN. This stalemate was broken by the United States of America by invading and overthrowing the Saddam regime. Had this stalemate not been broken the people of Iraq would still be under the oppressive rule of Saddam. The UN has also been unable to take actions that are direct and independent without seeking the support of its members. In the current world which is full of oppressive regimes and war mongering dictators who understand that the UN lacks any real power therefore making them free to do anything they want. For example the North Korea has been testing nuclear weapons and it has currently threatened to do it again while the UN is just considering an act of sanctions. If North Korea today decides to use the nuclear weapons in an act of terrorism many people would end up losing their lives just because the UN failed to take action in time. The member States of the UN should then be urged to contribute equal military force or money that is equivalent. The UN should then have these resources at its disposal and it should be free to use it without any approval from any of its member states. There are 5 selected member countries of the UN that can disagree on any decision that the majority of the States had agreed upon. These countries are China, USA, Russia, United Kingdom and France because they founded the UN that came up with the rules of UN after the Second World War. This has resulted in a lot of problems in the UN because these countries with the veto power were not elected democratically and therefore there is reason to believe that the decisions that the countries take are truly biased. This is a problem that has greatly caused people in this world to lose lives and it is not aimed to come to an end any time soon because the countries with the veto power are not willing to give up this power and allow for fair selection. The other failure of the UN is that most of its members are not countries geared towards peace and have questionable voting practices. The only solution to solve this problem would be to deny such nations the power to voting during any meetings of the UN. This is not easy to implement because countries debate in the UN forum only if they have the right to vote in the UN Security Council. UN considers itself a humanitarian body while on the other hand it continues allowing non-humanitarian countries like China to vote on humanitarian issues. The other area where the UN has failed to take action on terrorism is by the fact that UN does not formally recognize any State as a terrorist. Terrorists on the other hand would not debate in a public forum like the UN or seek help from the UN to sort out their issues and this clearly shows that the UN does not get involved in any way with the terrorists. Due to this the UN has been seen to be completely blind to terrorists and it has no intentions of addressing the terrorists and this is not likely to change soon. UN being the largest organization in the world that promotes peace should not be completely unable to address terrorism and therefore this has been seen as a complete failure to the UN in fighting terrorism. The United Nations has also been seen to fail in the action against terrorism because it has for a long time been unable to clearly define terrorism without putting policies that would annoy some of its strongest member states. UN has found itself in a state of confusion as Islamic states argue that the fight against occupation should be exempted from the definition of terrorism as this is well stipulated by the UN in the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) of 1998 which clearly states that the struggle of the people either peaceful or armed struggle against any foreign occupation shall not be termed as an act of violence. The issue of terrorism as been complicated more by the fact that the struggle of the people to free themselves from any foreign occupation and/or colonialism does not in any way constitute an act of terrorism. Some of the Islam clerics have also considered the presence of the US and other foreign forces in Afghanistan and Iraq as occupation and therefore they do not term any act of the citizens of this country to free themselves from foreign occupation as an act of terrorism. Due to lack of a definition of terrorism there has been failure of the UN to come up with a complete detailed convention on international terrorism but instead it has adopted a document it calls Global Counter Terrorism Strategy which is based on an unknown definition of terrorism. In conclusion the UN has failed in many areas in the fight against terrorism. For the UN to fight terrorism globally it should be in a position to address terrorists and come up with ways of preventing anymore loss of lives. The UN should also understand that the terrorists are people who can be negotiated with and therefore coming with a democratic solution for both sides. UN should also stop involving member states that are not humanitarian in any humanitarian issues. In general the World requires a stronger peace international police who will be free to act without getting orders from any of the UN state members. REFERENCES LIST Giuseppe Nesi, Contributor Giuseppe Nesi (2006) International cooperation in counter terrorism: the United Nations and regional organizations in the fight against terrorism (Published by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ,), 2006 P. 47-48 Leel Pathirana, Failure to understand the conflict by UN and the West has created a humanitarian Crisis, Asian Tribune, pp. 1-3, 18-4-2009, Available at Asiantribune. com M. Sassoli (2004), use and abuse of laws of war in the war on terrorism law and equality, A journal of theory and practice, vol. 22,2004, pp. 195-213 Maogoto, Jackson Nyamuya, Walking an International Tightrope: Use of Military Force to Counter Terrorism Willing the End. Brooklyn Journal of International Law, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2006. Patrick Goodenough, International Editor, UN Anti-Terror Effort Bogged Down Over Terrorism Definition, Tuesday, September 02, 2008, (CNSNews. com) Phil for humanity, A guide for the survival of humankind, and improving the world, society and yourself, why the United Nations is a useless failure, available online athttp://www. philforhumanity. com

Vouchers and School Choice are Not Necessary :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

The issue of "choice", like so many other novel educational reform attempts, serve once again to highlight the fact that something is desperately wrong with the current educational system. While everyone seems to be fully aware of the need for change, no one really knows where to start. In the process of making sense of this need to pin down the problems that beset education, many end up latching on to any novel idea that even vaguely offers the hope of finally bringing that educational calm and success everyone so desperately longs for. The problem with this hit-and-run approach is that it almost always ends up fragmenting the communities and societies that should in fact be pooling their energies and resources on the issue of educational reform. Name me ANY reform movement, and I'll show you at least two camps for each of them - one "for", and one "against". The proponents of educatonal choice have, over time, carefully built up their pool of arguments in support of its implementation. To fully understand this perspective, and before I share mine, I have selected a collection of quotes from various proponents of educational choice which should present, albeit statically, the central issues underlying the concerns of these and many other students, parents, and teachers. In the process of reading them, please try to focus on the issues they represent rather than the emotions that presently drive them. "It is time to develop political muscle for parents and children. We know that our urban public school systems are hopelessly broken. We know that unless the parents of children in public schools are able to threaten to enroll their children in competing private schools, the public schools will never be held accountable." "Lessons must be learned from Voucher Bill Defeat", Joseph Walsh "The most recent National Assessment of Education Progress reading test reports that 30% of high school seniors, 31% of eighth graders, and 42% of fourth graders couldn't reach "basic" reading levels. Those students who have spent from four to thirteen years in school, don't have even "partial mastery" of the reading skills expected at their grade level." "The High Cost of Rationing Literacy", Martha C. Brown "There is no more important issue today than the education of our children. We could possibly disagree that our society - crippled by gang violence, teen pregnancy, and welfare dependancy - would experience a Renaissance if every child received quality education?

Brazil Economy Essay

1. What are some of the advantages that a strong Brazilian currency does for its population, and what are some of the challenges of having a strong currency relative to another currency? Global economic forces have served Brazil well in recent years. As a leading exporter of raw materials such as Soya and iron ore, the South American nation has benefited from the Chinese-fueled commodities boom. The instability in exchange rates between currencies creates difficulties for international trade and investment, for business planning, and for national economies, with impacts on prices and inflation. 2. Explain why the Brazilian government is concerned about its balance of trade with China? They are concerned because more Brazilians are buying in China now which could damage businesses in Brazil. Brazil remains a complicated place to do business for foreign-based companies. Challenges include a highly complex and expensive tax and labor environment, burdensome bureaucracy, costly credit, lingering corruption and deep social imbalances. 3. What does a higher external demand for goods and services in a country do for the standard of living of its citizens? This would help them have a better standard of living so that they are able to buy their own homes. 1. Explain the role of capitalism in the 100-year growth of Nederlander concerts. Individual industry growth differ from each other in many ways. Indeed, no two are exactly alike. Some industries are dominated by booms. After a short recession, there is a rapid recovery that leads to a prolonged boom. Over a 100-year life of such a cycle, there might be twenty years of recession and depression followed by eighty years of prosperity accompanied by lesser fluctuations. The Nederlander’s have managed to stay in business for over 100 years which shows that being a small business with a well grounded foundation could be the key to success. 2. Why is Nederlander able to charge higher prices for small theater performances when audiences could pay less at stadium concerts? Because the space has limited seating but big name entertainment they are able to monopolize off of the consumer by charging higher prices to see a big name  entertainer. As a consumer I would pay the higher prices so that I am able to be in a smaller concert environment in my opinion less people mean less problems. 3. Would you expect the current slump in the U.S economy to affect Nedelander’s ticket sales? Why or Why Not? I don’t think it would have any affect on ticket sales, because even though the economy is in a slump we still crave entertainment, and socialization therefore people would find the money to do something that they would enjoy.

Causes and Consequences of Reduced Biodiversity Essay

Causes and consequences of reduced biodiversity in tropical rain forests In many tropical countries, the majority of deforestation results from the actions of poor subsistence cultivators. However, in Brazil only about one-third of recent deforestation can be linked to cultivators. A large portion of deforestation in Brazil can be attributed to land clearing for pastureland by commercial and speculative interests, misguided government policies, inappropriate World Bank projects, and commercial exploitation of forest resources. For effective action it is imperative that these issues be addressed. Focusing solely on the promotion of sustainable use by local people would neglect the most important forces behind deforestation in Brazil. Brazilian deforestation is strongly correlated to the economic health of the country the decline in deforestation from 1988-1991 nicely matched the economic slowdown during the same period, while the rocketing rate of deforestation from 1993-1998 paralleled Brazil’s period of rapid economic growth. During lean times, ranchers and developers do not have the cash to rapidly expand their pasturelands and operations, while the government lacks funds to sponsor highways and colonization programs and grant tax breaks and subsidies to forest exploiters. Clearing for Cattle Pasture Cattle ranching are the leading cause of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. This has been the case since at least the 1970s: government figures attributed 38 percent of deforestation from 1966-1975 to large-scale cattle ranching. However, today the situation may be even worse. According to the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), between 1990 and 2001 the percentage of Europe’s processed meat imports that came from Brazil rose from 40 to 74 percent and by 2003 for the first time ever, the growth in Brazilian cattle production 80 percent of which was in the Amazon was largely export driven. Factors * CURRENCY DEVALUATION—The devaluation of the Brazilian real against the dollar effectively doubled the price of beef in reals and created an incentive for ranchers to expand their pasture areas at the expense of the rainforest. The weakness of the real also made Brazilian beef more competitive on the world market [CIFOR]. * CONTROL OVER FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE—The eradication of foot-and-mouth disease in much of Brazil has increased price and demand for Brazilian beef. * INFRASTRUCTURE—Road construction gives developers and ranchers access to previously inaccessible forest lands in the Amazon. Infrastructure improvements can reduce the costs of shipping and packing beef. * INTEREST RATES—Rainforest lands are often used for land speculation purposes. When real pasture land prices exceed real forest land prices, land clearing is a good hedge against inflation. At times of high inflation, the appreciation of cattle prices and the stream of services (milk) they provide may outpace the interest rate earned on money left in the bank. * LAND TENURE LAWS—In Brazil, colonists and developers can gain title to Amazon lands by simply clearing forest and placing a few head of cattle on the land. As an additional benefit, cattle are a low-risk investment relative to cash crops which are subject to wild price swings and pest infestations. Essentially cattle are a vehicle for land ownership in the Amazon. Colonization and subsequent subsistence agriculture A significant amount of deforestation is caused by the subsistence activities of poor farmers who are encouraged to settle on forest lands by government land policies. In Brazil, each squatter acquires the right (known as a usufruct right) to continue using a piece of land by living on a plot of unclaimed public land (no matter how marginal the land) and â€Å"using† it for at least one year and a day. After five years the squatter acquires ownership and hence the right to sell the land. Up until at least the mid-1990s this system was worsened by the government policy that allowed each claimant to gain title for an amount of land up to three times the amount of forest cleared. Poor farmers use fire for clearing land and every year satellite images pick up tens of thousands of fires burning across the Amazon. Typically understory shrubbery is cleared and then forest trees are cut. The area is left to dry for a few months and then burned. The land is planted with crops like bananas, palms, manioc, maize, or rice. After a year or two, the productivity of the soil declines and the transient farmers press a little deeper and clear new forest for more short-term agricultural land. The old, now infertile fields are used for small-scale cattle grazing or left for waste. Infrastructure Improvements Road construction in the Amazon leads to deforestation. Roads provide access to logging and mining sites while opening forest frontier land to exploitation by poor landless farmers. Brazil’s Trans-Amazonian Highway was one of the most economic development programs ever devised, and one of the most spectacular failures. In the 1970s, Brazil planned a 2,000 mile highway that would bisect the massive Amazon forest, opening rainforest lands to settlement by poor farmers from the crowded, drought-plagued north and development of timber and mineral resources. Colonists would be granted a 250-acre lot, six-months’ salary, and easy access to agricultural loans in exchange for settling along the highway and converting the surrounding rainforest into agricultural land. The plan would grow to cost Brazil US$65,000 1980 dollars to settle each family, an amazing amount for Brazil, a developing country at the time. Commercial agriculture Recently, soybeans have become one of the most important contributors to deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Thanks to a new variety of soybean developed by Brazilian scientists to flourish in rainforest climate, Brazil is on the verge of supplanting the United States as the world’s leading exporter of soybeans. High soybean prices have also served as an impetus to expanding soybean cultivation. Logging In theory, logging in the Amazon is controlled by strict licensing which allows timber to be harvested only in designated areas. However, there is significant evidence that illegal logging is quite widespread in Brazil. In recent years, Ibama Brazil’s environmental enforcement agency has made several large seizures of illegally harvested timber including one in September 2003 when 17 people were arrested for allegedly cutting 10,000 hectares worth of timber. Logging in the Amazon is closely linked with road building. Studies by the Environmental Defense Fund show that areas that have been selectively logged are eight times more likely to be settled and cleared by shifting cultivators than untouched rainforests because of access granted by logging roads. Logging roads give colonists access to rainforest, which they exploit for fuel wood, game, building material, and temporary agricultural lands. Fires Virtually all forest clearing, by small farmer and plantation owner alike, is done by fire. Though these fires are intended to burn only limited areas, they frequently escape agricultural plots and pastures and char pristine rainforest, especially in dry years like 2005. Many of the fires set for clearing forest for these purposes are set during the three-month burning season and the smoke produced creates widespread problems across the region, including airport closings and hospitalizations from smoke inhalation. These fires cover a vast area of forest. In 1987 during a four-month period, about 19,300 square miles of Brazilian Amazon were burned. The burning produced carbon dioxide containing more than 500 million tons of carbon, 44 million tons of carbon monoxide, and millions of tons of other particles and nitrogen oxides. An estimated 20 percent of fires that burn between June and October cause new deforestation, while another 10 percent is the burning of ground cover in virgin forest Mining Mining in the Brazilian Amazon presently results in limited deforestation due to crackdowns on informal miners known as garimpeiros. The pig iron industry may have the largest role in mining-driven deforestation by consuming wood to produce charcoal to fuel steel production.

Election of 2000 essays

Election of 2000 essays Bill Clinton, as a president was a major paradox in and of himself. People loved him, yet they hated him. Americans, as a whole loved the prosperity, and capitalist growth that was brought by Clintons years in the Oval Office. They loved the stocks ownership, the money, the way our country was flourishing. Clinton was very good at what he did-soothing lines drawn between parties, even going so far as to sign a Republican-sponsored welfare bill. He moved the country from right to left, and back again. Clinton was a talented politician, yet he missed the opportunity to be an exceptional president. The biggest paradox may be Clinton becoming the focal point for the revival of ideological politics; people wanted the government to be a friend, not an enemy, whilst many people saw Clinton as the flailed president. Clinton did a lot of good, but he also made many mistakes, that made many people see him as a failed president. For every American that liked Clinton, one didnt. Many of those who didnt see eye-to-eye with him were the uneducated, rural white males. Moreover, this then, sets the stage for the 2000 election. Clintons vice president; Al Gore had the best shot at winning the democratic presidential nomination simply for being vice-president. Whatever the reason, being the vice president seems to be one of the single most advantages when running for president. Not only did Gore have connections with powerful democrats; he had Clinton backing him. Gore was in the publics eye as vice-president, and people generally agreed that he had been an excellent vice president. Gore was also favored by democrats at a high rate of 73% of the American public. Just as Gore became the Democratic favorite, Bush soon became the Republican favorite, largely due to a famous name, a remarkable network of sup ...

The Line is for the Toe

The Line is for the Toe The Line is for the Toe The Line is for the Toe By Simon Kewin The Washington Times recently printed an editorial about H1N1 flu calling the disease tow-the-line flu. The use of the phrase tow the line is a common mistake; what the paper should have written was toe the line. To toe the line means to conform to some rule or standard, to fall into line. Politicians, for example, often have to toe their party lines. People may imagine that the spelling tow the line is correct as it perhaps derives from some nautical activity. Ropes are often called lines aboard ship and a tow-line is just a line used to tow something on the water. But the phrase is probably nothing to do with ropes. In fact, the exact source is unclear but the phrase is generally taken to derive from the idea of lining up for a sporting activity, i.e. to place your toe on the line for the start of a race. By doing so you are following the rules set out for the activity. There are other theories as to the origins of the phrase. It may derive from boxing, with early prize-fighters having to stand with one foot on a scratched line on the ground to fight. Others have claimed that it derives from the British House of Commons, where lines are marked on the ground to prevent more adversarial debates from getting out of hand. Whatever the true origin of the phrase, the spelling should be toe and not tow. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?15 Words for Household Rooms, and Their SynonymsHow to Address Your Elders, Your Doctor, Young Children... and Your CEO

Zatwsho LLC Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Zatwsho LLC - Case Study Example The report also discusses about the kind of ownership that family business should have. Target market of the product has also been defined along with a memo to promote the company’s offerings in a better way. In the end of the report, recommendations have been given to improve the website of Zatswho. QUESTION # 1: Tips for Making Family Business Successful: There are several things that are to be considered in order to make a family business successful. One of the main tips to make a family business successful is that the roles and responsibilities of the partners or family members should be clearly defined and every family member should know what their responsibilities are and what they are supposed to do. Pitfalls That Should Be Avoided To Make Family Business Successful: It is important for every business to grow with the passage of time and in a family business, a stage comes when the growth of the business becomes static and at this point of time it is important to seek a dvices from outside advisors or people who are not in the family so that the business could have some fresh ideas and it could start growing again. QUESTION # 2: Because there are two people involved in the business therefore it is recommended to have a partnership rather than sole proprietor. As the business would be a partnership therefore the agreement of both Cooper and Schwinoff would be required while taking important decisions. QUESTION # 3: The target market of Zatswho would be parents and grandparents as they would be using these cards to teach their kids about their family members. However other target markets of the product could be day care centers and schools as they could use these cards to make kids recognize different important personalities and even cartoon characters. Along with this the target market of the company also includes the fundraising organizations, special needs children, and adults with the problem of memory loss. QUESTION # 4: Zatswho LLC January 20, 2012 To: Cooper and Schwinoff From: Subject: Proposing Guerrilla Marketing Strategy for Zatswho LLC Guerrilla marketing strategy has become important for the businesses in this highly competitive world, especially for the businesses which are targeting specific and small market segments (Levinson, 2007), as in the case of Zatswho. The company is mainly targeting the grandparents and parents who like to play with their grandchildren and children and the same time wants to increase the memory of the children. Apart from this other target markets include children with special needs, day care centers, schools, fundraising organizations, and seniors with the problem of memory loss. In order to capture the target markets and attract them it is essential for the company to come up with some unique and out of box marketing strategies. The company can go for price discount and cheaper goods strategy, as the target market will not be willing to spend much on such playing items. This strategy of price discount can be supported by different limited time promotional activities like: Placing colorful sticky notes consisting information about the game in the children stores and shops. Holding competition through social media for suggesting best game which can be played using these cards. Different posters can be placed at schools, day care centers, and playing grounds in order to attract more market. Hold different competitions at shopping malls, schools, and playing grounds in which judging the children on the ability of their quickly identifying the pictures. Partnership with some chocolate or confectionary company and come up with special packages. All these promotional acti

CNET article reviews and reflections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CNET article reviews and reflections - Essay Example Google plan is to make the region open for business since with increased circulation of information Africa will become more viable as market. In retrospect, Google has worked in Africa on the mobile platform; in 2009, it allowed cellphone users in Uganda to get information of weather and sports through text queries. It has also collaborated with France mobile to cut down the cost of SMS services in the region. In my opinion, this is a progressive move, and it shows that Google as a company is capable of combining a profit making venture with its social responsibility of ensuring Africa is opened to the world in terms of telecommunication. Furthermore, it will have indirect impacts by forcing the telecommunication companied to lower their SMS costs because of competition from Google. Ultimately, while Google will stand to make a tidy profit, it has considerably increased Africa’s networking potential. The space shuttle endeavor, which has been in orbit 25 times since it was constructed two years ago, is set to take its valedictorian flight perched on the back of a jet. This is to give the public a chance for one last viewing before it takes its place in the museum. The endeavor is set to fly across Houston landing in Ellington refuel at the Field Army Airfield in El Paso White sands then proceed to S Francisco, NASAs Ames Research Center, Sacramento until it is finally returns to California on a three days trip. The endeavor, was commissioned in 1978 to replace the challenger which was destroyed in a takeoff accident, after that, it made 24 more trips many of them to assemble the international space station. The first ever trip by a spaceship through a metropolitan area. It is a complex process which is going to involve a sizeable team of engineers, who will be ensure the route used is the best possible, without too much disruption. It is going to involve a lot of restructuring and moving

The value of GCC currencies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The value of GCC currencies - Research Paper Example Conclusion: 14 8. Bibliography: 15 1. Introduction: The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is also known as the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (CCASG). It is a political and economic union of the Arab states neighboring the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Peninsula. The six member states of the GCC are Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. They are often known as â€Å"The GCC States.† Some of the general objectives of GCC countries are a follows: promotion of scientific and technical progress in different industries like mining, agriculture, water and animal resources; setting up joint ventures among the member states; cheering cooperation of the private sectors; strengthening ties between the peoples of the member countries; and establishing and developing a common currency for all the member countries. The common currency of GCC is known as Khaleeji (meaning Gulf in Arabic). At present, the GCC monetary union is the third moneta ry union in the world in terms of GDP, after the Euro and 2) the unofficial monetary union between the United States and the Latin American countries which declared the US dollar as their currency. There are certain problems now facing the GCC council. According to IMF report (1997), the key challenge facing the GCC countries was the financial condition and valuation of the currency in the member countries of GCC. ... The exception in GCC is Kuwait, where the currency is valued to a group of currencies that is heavily weighted in favor of the US dollar. Therefore, the exchange of the Kuwaiti Dinar to the US dollar remains relatively stable. In last five year the rate of Kuwaiti Dinar is always within 0.27-0.29 to US dollar (QNB, 2012, p.31). During 2008, GCC countries were facing the inflation as it was reached up to 11. 2%. According to the financial analyst, revolution of the economy in the upward direction was helpful in order to control the inflation rate which helped to bring down the import cost. According to the report the GCC monetary union project was mainly inspired by the Euro. The problem which was face by different countries that have Euro as their currency is a helpful tool for the monetary policy makers in GCC countries to figure out the loopholes and act accordingly. This evaluation is helpful to figure out whether introducing a common currency for all the member countries of GCC i s efficient or not (QNB, 2012, p.31). 1.2. Economic Structure: It is very clear from different research that the growth of GCC as one of the strongest economy of the world is mainly on the basis of highs price of gas and oil (energy sector), and also with the help of rapid economic growth. During 2007-2011, the world GDP growth rate was 2.8% where as, GDP growth in GCC was a staggering 4.7% making it the fastest growing group of country in the world (QNB, 2012, p.4). According to the report of QNB (2012), the GCC economy has seen a golden period during 2003- 08, when GDP grew at the rate of 19.9%. This was a result of continuously increasing demand for energy sources as an outcome of robust global development, particularly in Developing Asia (QNB,

Ethics Essay Example for Free

Ethics Essay Businesses are concerned with their company image, breaking of the laws in work related duties and any doing that will involve a law suit against the company. This is mainly their reputation and restoring it will involve a lot of money. To avoid all of this, they adapt a moral behavior in knowing what is right and wrong for the company. Therefore ethics are derived from the moral obligations, profit maximization and in following the laws set. In human ethics, an individual is expected to prevent harm, be fair and just, respect the opinion of others, have a heart for others, to be honest and wiling to comply with the law (Pojman, 2004). In professionalism, there is need for objectivity and impartiality, avoidance of conflict of interest, confidentiality of information, duty of care respected, integrity and full disclosure of information. History of utilitarianism A proposition on utilitarianism lie with Hume but its formulation and understanding credit is received by Bentham. It was incorporated during the 18th century. It was intended to view the principle of utility and the motivation of human beings. They found out that happiness and pain were humans’ utility and that what generates more happiness to many people is the ultimate right. However, having a large number being happy was difficult thus they settled for principle of happiness to represent utilitarianism. Since then, it has been an influence to economics and used to support different political moves. Introduction Utilitarianism is a principle of moral ethics. It supports that a moral right action in a situation is the one that produces more advantages than disadvantages (Buckle, 2007). Many individuals use this type of ethics in daily decisions as it brings more benefits even if lies or manipulation of others were used. It is easily aid sin decision making process. The required courses of actions are identified then their advantages and disadvantages in value are highlighted and lastly the action that generates more advantages is then selected to be morally right. It is characterized by the relevant consequences, impartiality and neutrality of the action as every person’s happiness is counted the same. The act and rule utilitarianism are its types and have been competing on which real should be followed. In act, what benefits the people more is the right morals despite their different feelings. However, the rule type acknowledges the justice, fairness and benefits a large number of people. Therefore the rule values the people feelings, their laws and the benefits. They both have problems in comparing the exact consequences value in money and happiness since they all differ. They believe in obligation to the society and not the act of being a heroine. Since it is consequences on choice, they tend to predict the future. However, act type will be favorable to one today and may be unfavorable the next day. The rule type on the other hand, is very instable on what is actually morally right. Utilitarianism can be objective in supporting the effect that the rightness of an activity is whether it would indeed encourage and promote the goodness of the already available acts to the agents. On the other side, it can take the form of subjective utilitarianism. It involves that when choosing an activity one should first determine which activities of those available would mostly promote the good more than the others, then chose that activity. Critics against utilitarianism It is difficult t assign value in money form to certain items and acts such as human life, happiness, pain, pleasure and more feelings (Pojman, 2004). They could be representing opposition’s ideas in the sense that someone’s pleasure could be another individual’s pain. This does make the comparison of values difficult for a person to choose what action will give a high better pleasure. The benefits and costs value may be underestimated or overestimated. This principle violates the human conscious acts and the different personal ideas in interest of more valuable advantages of an action. It’s like it gives us permission to do harm but specifically little harm in order to gain. In protest then, little or more harm is still harm, it never changes. Lying for the sake of saving more benefits represents an injustice to human kind. It does not promote justice but rules in favor of injustice. It is difficult to know how right an action is when the law seconds some offences committed with the excuse of the principle of utilitarianism. It does not follow the law guide thus can at all times be interchanged to commit evil. The integrity, reputation and image of a person are lost with utilitarianism ethics. The consequences of a lie for the sake of creating more profits to a company, kills the integrity that was taught of being present. Maintenance of reputation is not easy and therefore loosing the little you have will mean a slow start in creating another image. It does not encourage creativity and development of products and services as it tends to cut out considerations of new ideas generation. To other individual this is a difference making on what and how they feel. They argue that each one is responsible for what hey do and not the value of how they do it. An individual might be creative and willing to undertake his idea a step ahead and fulfill it, may not succeed at all if the majority umber do not support his idea. Therefore, a chance of having had to grow an idea in other people no matte how good it would have been, is lost because of this system. It relies entirely on a single principle of ethics thus an action committed could either produce best or worst consequences despite the argument that it will provide more benefits. Different principles in deciding what is right or wrong have to be used on a single action so as to make the solution effective and efficient. It uses the human being as means to an end of suitable action by only considering happiness and equating it as the main pleasure of a person. By only counting happiness, it encourages individuals to do the right things for an entire wrong reason. After all, they can justify the evil doing as their happiness. The theory also concentrate on a belief that human are common in nature thus desires same things. It discourages the individual’s tastes and preferences. Some people even appreciate more things than others who do not even take an account of the thing presence. Humans are very different in personalities and their goals also differ. Grouping them a sonly one group of nature, is not justice and happiness at all. It does not take into considerations the potential intention of an individual in carrying out an action. An individual could be fulfilling his evil motives on an individual but ends up defending himself using the utility benefits thus being set free and innocent. Every action should be accounted for legally so truth of right and wrong could be identified. A person stealing money and justifying it that it was to be used for a sick person medical expenses, might b lying or not. He might be a thief in the making. Critics in support of utilitarianism In human moral life, majority value the self sacrificial factor and happiness. Utilitarianism supports these morals in their decisions as some are sacrificed and the happiness of the people affected by the consequence mattering a lot (Mayer, 2009). An individual known for self sacrificial mostly promotes peace, loyalty and unity. If an organization is willing to sacrifice some items for the entire society benefits, it is received well and brings happiness which is the goal of utilitarianism. It promotes equality, impartiality, fairness and neutrality in all its decisions (Buckle, 2007). This is because to them no one deserves special treatment at the expense of another as they are all equal. A decision is basically made from everybody’s point of view with consideration of the majority. If the majority needs a company closed down, then that percentage would be a representation that every individual of that area wants the company closed. The consideration of the outcome of an activity is important. This theory is in support of knowing the consequences first before undertaking an action. The consequences received should be of great value that would not contribute to pain but joy. These would prepare the users to face the outcome with an open mind as they had been expecting it. They could be outcomes based on researches or people personal experiences. In addition, it aids in future planning of activities leading to enhancement of efficiency. This system is straightforward and direct in evaluation because it conveniently uses one denominator in its evaluation calculations. Therefore, it becomes easy in resolving conflict interests for straightforward answers to the decision. An easy way to resolve things is many people choice as many of them understand it, support it and ready to conceptualize into their daily activities. This ensures less money and minimal time spent in evaluations process. Nietzsche on ethical concept, background and theories He explained that the existence of structure theories is as a result of leaders who dominate their decisions over others. He argues that it is through self consciousness that one can determine the evil and the good with its both doers. He did not support the utilitarianism principle of ethics and argued that it placed too much emphasis on the large numbers of people instead of an individual that his personal welfare is lost to the general crowd. In addition, his other reason was that humans do things just to survive in this world even if they were unpleasant or unhappy. Utilitarianism show there is a wrong and a right but according to him this are the terms men use to interpret a situation or experience. He believes human will be motivated by to many thing snot only pleasure, happiness and pain. Aristotle ethical concepts, background and theories He showed that conduct depended on the role of an individual habit. He said that it was in between pleasures and pain that allowed one to choose which indeed was right or wrong. Being a business minded person, he advices that the root to fairness, justice and happiness is in asking questions. He does not uses utility in his work but stresses that the behavior of a person is what is reflected on his performance and goodness, thus supporting the theory of virtue of ethics and not consequences (History of Utilitarianism, 2009). He campaigned that happiness of a person could only be known after his life and thus could not be short termed using utilitarianism. Conclusions Utilitarianism should take into account that not only making people happy is a pleasure but also involving one in the success of the project, institution, a career and a cause to ensure that they are committed. Many people though support it because it is easy to use, they have practice of using it daily and it tends to avoid the divine revelation of living morally but outside the belief in a supernatural being. A person deciding should include other principles and theories of ethics that are likely to affect an action and determine if they are right or wrong. They could use principle of; virtue, moral right, egoism, deontological, justice and fairness and their emotions reflected in their feelings. This would give a wide reflection balance of the choice picked. In all the actions an individual undertakes from a selection, he should first weigh their goodness and badness and not necessarily through its money value alone. One should be able to know how the action would affect him, the law and the society. An evil action such as killing a corrupt leader for money should not be justified that it made everyone evil that had fallen into his corrupt evils.

Spitting :: essays research papers

This review pertains to the planned change of a 1909 law in Palmyra, New York, which bills itself, â€Å"one of the friendliest spots on Earth† that forbids public spitting. The change in city code would increase the possible fine for those convicted of this offense from $2 to $50 currently, to $250 and adding jail time of up to 15 days to the sentence. Arguments in favor of the changes to the ordinance: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The city of Palmyra has a right to protect its citizens from what it believes to be harmful to society as a whole and to promote the betterment of the community. Mayor Vicky Daly believes that in changing this ordinance, â€Å"we’re trying to have Palmyra be a pleasant place, and we don’t want people to spit.† 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reason behind the increase of the sentence for those convicted of this crime was a recent review of many ordinances on the books. The city council in increasing the to the fine and adding jail time was merely an attempt to bring a law written in 1909 up to the standards of 2003. In June they reviewed hundreds of codes, and decided on the increase to this ordinance quickly, moving on to other issues. The intent is to make this law up-to-speed with current times. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While probably intended to prevent tuberculosis in unsanitary Victorian times, this law could help to stop the spread of contagious diseases. While tuberculosis is no longer a threat, the possibility of SARS is out there. Palmyra is only trying to prevent was it sees as a potential health issue. Arguments against the new change to the ordinance: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While other cities across the country are trying to enact laws that restrict smoking, noise and cellular phone use, Palmyra is changing one that prevents spitting. While legal reforms are working to get extinct laws of the books, here an outdated one is being given new life. Citizens think this law is making a mockery of their town. If regal reforms are to succeed, laws like this must not remain on the books. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the past 6 years, a police officer Robert Grier has not once charged anyone with the breaking the present ordinance. He says, â€Å"It’s going to be an impossible law to enforce. I’m sure there are many unenforceable laws.† Why have a law on the books that cannot be enforced? 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Until there is proof that spitting is the cause of SARS, there is no real danger in restricting public spitting. Spitting :: essays research papers This review pertains to the planned change of a 1909 law in Palmyra, New York, which bills itself, â€Å"one of the friendliest spots on Earth† that forbids public spitting. The change in city code would increase the possible fine for those convicted of this offense from $2 to $50 currently, to $250 and adding jail time of up to 15 days to the sentence. Arguments in favor of the changes to the ordinance: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The city of Palmyra has a right to protect its citizens from what it believes to be harmful to society as a whole and to promote the betterment of the community. Mayor Vicky Daly believes that in changing this ordinance, â€Å"we’re trying to have Palmyra be a pleasant place, and we don’t want people to spit.† 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reason behind the increase of the sentence for those convicted of this crime was a recent review of many ordinances on the books. The city council in increasing the to the fine and adding jail time was merely an attempt to bring a law written in 1909 up to the standards of 2003. In June they reviewed hundreds of codes, and decided on the increase to this ordinance quickly, moving on to other issues. The intent is to make this law up-to-speed with current times. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While probably intended to prevent tuberculosis in unsanitary Victorian times, this law could help to stop the spread of contagious diseases. While tuberculosis is no longer a threat, the possibility of SARS is out there. Palmyra is only trying to prevent was it sees as a potential health issue. Arguments against the new change to the ordinance: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While other cities across the country are trying to enact laws that restrict smoking, noise and cellular phone use, Palmyra is changing one that prevents spitting. While legal reforms are working to get extinct laws of the books, here an outdated one is being given new life. Citizens think this law is making a mockery of their town. If regal reforms are to succeed, laws like this must not remain on the books. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the past 6 years, a police officer Robert Grier has not once charged anyone with the breaking the present ordinance. He says, â€Å"It’s going to be an impossible law to enforce. I’m sure there are many unenforceable laws.† Why have a law on the books that cannot be enforced? 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Until there is proof that spitting is the cause of SARS, there is no real danger in restricting public spitting.

Extract One: Explore how the author presents Hyde in this extract Essay

Hyde is presented as an ugly, deformed creature in the first extract, who seems to be naturally evil and causes others to feel so much hatred towards him. His actions instantly show his evil character when he â€Å"trampled calmly over the child’s body†. The verb, trampled shows his aggressions and his intent to harm the child. It was clearly deliberate. However, it also uses an adverb â€Å"calmly† which is an oxymoron because it contradicts the violent motion of trampling. This oxymoron shows how he is hurting the child with no care, sympathy or regret. His calm composure with no signs of regret continues as Mr Hyde remained â€Å"perfectly cool and made no resistance†. Using â€Å"perfectly† before cool emphasizes that he showed no care or remorse at all, although he has clearly hurt the girl, who was â€Å"screaming†. It portrays Hyde as very heartless and evil, particularly as he had trampled on an innocent girl, who would have not created any motive for Hyde to hurt her. The fact that she was a girl makes her seem more vulnerable too, presenting Hyde as more merciless. Furthermore, his lack of speech further reveals his nonchalance and disregard to the girl’s pain. He does not speak at all throughout the whole of the extract, even when Enfield â€Å"collared him†, so is not trying to defend himself or apologize for his terrible actions; he shows very little care in what has happened. Hyde’s hideous and ugly appearance is also portrayed in the first extract. Hyde’s look was described as â€Å"so ugly that it brought out the sweat on me like running†. When saying that it was â€Å"so ugly†, it emphasizes how obnoxious Hyde’s appearance was. In addition, sweating is usually an instinctively response to something which you cannot control. The fact that by looking at Hyde, Enfield had an instinctive response to be frightened and sweat, shows how there is something different about Hyde that makes the people loathe him. Enfield also described Hyde as â€Å"some damned Juggernaut†, presenting him as a senseless man who is doing crazy things, with no regard to other people. The adjective, â€Å"damned† emphasizes the hatred Enfield felt towards him and the fact that it has a religious connection implies that the disgust was so great. Finally, the reaction of the doctor towards Hyde after he tramples on the girl shows that the hatred was instinctive. Enfield described the doctor â€Å"as emotional as a bagpipe† and so clearly the doctor must not be affected too much by the screaming girl, especially as the girl was not seriously injured at all. However, he turned â€Å"sick and white† every time he looked at Hyde. It must therefore be an instinct to loathe Hyde as a usually emotionless man is feeling so much hatred towards him, although he has not done too much to hurt the doctor. In addition, the doctor also had â€Å"the desire to kill him†. This is heavily ironic as he is a doctor, who is meant to save and cure people, but has been affected so much that he wants to kill Hyde. The word â€Å"desire† emphasizes how much he wanted to kill Hyde and it felt as if it was the doctor’s goal. This shows that the detestation is clearly an instinct as it would never be a characteristic of a doctor to want to kill someone so much. However, it was not only the doctor who was affected and in fact Enfield accepts he also wanted to kill Hyde. Hyde had been so hateful that a group of respectable people had been changed so much into becoming animalistic with desire to kill someone. It clearly indicates that the hatred Hyde has towards him is so different from others and is almost like a human instinct

Bus Reservation System Essay

Traveling is a large growing business in Pakistan and other countries. Bus reservation system deals with maintenance of records of details of each passenger who had reserved a seat for a journey. It also includes maintenance of information like schedule and details of each bus. We observed the working of the Bus reservation system and after going through it, we get to know that there are many operations, which they have to do manually. It takes a lot of time and causes many errors. Due to this, sometimes a lot of problems occur and they were facing many disputes with customers. To solve the above problem, and further maintaining records of items, seat availability for customers, price of per seat, bill generation and other things, we are offering this proposal of reservation system. By using this software, we can reserve tickets from any part of the world, via internet. This project provides and checks all sorts of constraints so that user does give only useful data and thus validati on is done in an effective way. 2. INTRODUCTION Our project is to computerize traveling company to manage data, so that all the transactions become fast and there should not be any error in transaction like calculation mistake, bill generation and other things. It replaces all the paper work. It keeps records of all bills also, giving to ensure 100% successful implementation of the computerized Bus reservation system. Our reservation system has three modules. First module helps the customer to enquire the availability of seats in a particular bus at particular date. Second module helps him to reserve a ticket. Using third module he can cancel a reserved ticket. 3. SYSTEM STUDY System study aims at establishing requests for the system to be acquired, development and installed. It involves studying and analyzing the ways of an organization currently processing the data to produce information. Analyzing the problem thoroughly forms the vital part of the system study. In system analysis, prevailing situation of problem is carefully examined by breaking them into sub problems. Problematic areas are identified and information is collected. Data gathering is essential to any analysis of requests. It is necessary that this analysis familiarizes the designer with objectives, activities and the function of the organization in which the system is to be implemented. 3.1. Study of existing system * Existing system is totally on book and thus a great amount of manual work has to be done. The amount of manual work increases exponentially with increase in bus services. * Needs a lot of working staff and extra attention on all the records. * In existing system, there are various problems like keeping records of items, seats available, prices of per/seat and fixing bill generation on each bill. * Finding out details regarding any information is very difficult, as the user has to go through all the books manually. * Major problem was the lack of security.