Old Man and the Sea - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1105 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? This being a research paper on the book written by Ernest Hemingway, the novel The Old man and the Sea. I am going to be reviewing articles on this book to come up with a comprehensive research paper that discusses the themes in this book and the characters in the book. In this research, I will use articles on this book as well as other books that talk about this book. This book gives the struggling story between old fishermen with his hugest catch of his lifetime. Santiago, a very old fisherman of Cuban origin has for 84 days gone to sea and returned with nothing. The old man seems so unlucky to an extent that Manolin, his current friend as well as a young trainee, is forcefully advised to quit the old man’s teaching and join other prosperous fishermen by his parents. Nonetheless, the young trainee surprisingly continues taking good care of the old man whenever he comes back from fishing each and every night. Manolin assist Santiago to carry his kit into his hut, gets food for him while the two talk together about many things, including the what is happening in the American Baseball and especially the trials of Joe Dimaggio who is Santiago`s hero. Santiago has not given up, he has confidence that he is not going to be unproductive in his fishing forever. The following day, he makes up his mind to sail in his boat farther into the sea than h e has ever done before. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Old Man and the Sea" essay for you Create order Santiago does as he promised on the 85th day. He makes the lifetime attempt by sailing far away into the shallow water, up to the coast of the island until he arrives at the streams of Gulf. He goes about his business as usual. He formulates the fishing lines and drops them into the waters. At around midnight, a big fish, a marlin, get caught by the hook when trying to take the bait pined by the old man below the water surface (Gurko,1955). Santiago hooks this fish with all the expertise he has gained during his time fishing but the trouble comes in that he is not able to pull this fish into the boat. I turn out that the fish rules the situation and starts pulling the boat. The old man decided not to tie them onto the boat because out experience he fears that the big fish could spontaneous a taut line. In its place, the old man holds the line with his bare hand, straining his old body and he stays prepared in case the fish try’s to make a run. The fish never give in instead it pulled the olds man boat all the day long and night and the following day and night as well. The fish at first swims at a steady motion heading to the northwest and as it get exhausted, it follows the current which follows to the east. All this time, Santiago is forced to bear the pain that is being exerted on him by the fishing line (Hayen, 2007). Santiago is badly hurt by the cord every time the fish tries to free itself from the hook. Although Santiago is weary and wounded, he is deeply empathetic for the fish and he admires it a great deal. He now considers it as a brother of his in the suffering that they are both going through, resolve and strength. The struggle continues until the third day when the fish gets tired and Santiago who is deprived of sleep and injured is now in a position to pull this fish near the boat close enough that he kills it using a harpoon with a few sticks on its head (Brenner, 1991). Santiago has never seen or fished a fish this big in his entire life as a fisherman. He pulls it into the boat. He then raises his boat`s mast and starts to sail towards his home. He feels so excited that he would earn enough money when he delivers the fish into the market, but he is not sure if the people who are to the fish if are worth his luck. He believed that this catch would his worth by proving himself to his fellow fishermen who had doubts in him. This earns him the tragic hero title with a tragic imperfection unfortunately as Santiago sails with the dead fish, the blood of the dead fish leave a trail of blood behind. This attracts the sharks and puts him at the risk of being attacked the sharks. Santiago is attacke d by many sharks which he fights off to the best of his ability. He stabs these vicious predators with a spear that he makes by the use of his knife and an oar. He also uses the boat`s tiller to club the sharks. Despite his attempt to kill several sharks in order to scare the rest, all is in vain and the sharks succeed to feed on the olds man price leaving him the bone leftovers (Morgan, 1962). The old fisherman chastises himself because he went out too far and also because he sacrificed his catch. He manages to get hone before the crack of the dawn and stumbles to his hut where he falls deeply asleep. Early in the morning, lots of fishermen gather around the old man’s boat surprised by the great number of sharks surrounding the boat. This is because of the remains of the Marlin, the tourist and the fishermen confuse remain of the Marlin with that of the sharks. Mandolin has been deeply worried about the fact that Santiago has been absent. He sheds tears when he finds his old man safely sleeping on his bed. He makes some coffee for the old man and gets for him the newspaper of the day with the scores for baseball. He then watches him as he sleeps. After the old man has woken up from his sleep, they agree with Manolin that they should begin to fish together once again (Hemingway, 2007). This did not only bring joy to the old man but he felt respected by the young boy. In his bed that evening, he finally dreams he had dreamt the long time ago, a lion playing on beaches of Africa. This book is authored by Ernest Hemingway whose writing career started in 1917 writing for the Kansas City Star. The Old Man and the Sea are the utmost widely held work of Ernest Hemingway. In the year 1953, the book won the great Pulitzer Prize and later on, in 1954, Ernest himself won the Nobel peace prize award of literature.

Romeo and Juliet Essay - 600 Words

Romeo and Juliet Essay The play Romeo and Juliet written by Romeo Shakespeare is about a teenage boy named Romeo falling in love with a girl named Juliet. The problem with them falling in love and getting married is that they both come from feuding families the Capulet and the Montague. A character named Friar Laurence tries to stop the family feud by creating a plan between Romeo and Juliet. The plan didn’t work and Romeo and Juliet end up killing themselves and the family feud stops. In the play Romeo and Juliet the two people that could of saved Romeo and Juliet were the Nurse and Lady Capulet. The Nurse behaves like a friend in Act 3, Scene 5 and lines 225-238. This is when the Nurse is telling Juliet about how she should marry†¦show more content†¦Lord Capulet then begins to tell Juliet about how she has no choice but to marry Paris or she will be kicked out of the house. During this whole scene all Lady Capulet does is stand there like she was a bystander while Juliet is looking at her mom to defend her. Lady Capulet should have defended her daughter when she needed help because her opinion could of changed the decision of Lord Capulet her husband. Since Juliet didn’t have anyone to defend her Juliet could have felt like no one was there to help her and Lady Capulet could have even stopped the wedding if she pretending to disapprove of Paris. This would have showed Juliet that her Mom cares about Juliet’s happiness then just doing business. Lady Capulet behaves like Juliet’s wedding planner also in Act 4, Scene 2 . This is when Juliet just gets back from Friar Lawrence and agrees to marry Paris. After hearing this from Juliet Lord Capulet moves that wedding date to the next day. This shows that Lady Capulet doesn’t know her daughter that will because she thought moving that wedding date up was a good idea. If Lady Capulet spent more time with her daughter more she would have known that Juliet was just acting happy and obedient. Also, if Lady Capulet did know her daughter better and Juliet trusted her like the Nurse then Lady Capulet could have known about the plan of how Juliet was married to Romeo. But Lady Capulet didn’t knowShow MoreRelatedRomeo And Juliet Essay1228 Words   |  5 PagesAubrey Bryan. In Romeo and Juliet. Drama for Students. Encyclopedia.com. Web. 04 June 2017. 1. Encyclopedia.com is an online encyclopedia that provides free information, articles, or references from various credible sources such as Oxford University Press and Columbia Encyclopedia. This online encyclopedia does not let anyone rewrite references or information which is what gives this site its credibility, as they make sure information is accurate before publishing. 2. On this online encyclopediaRead MoreRomeo and Juliet Essay709 Words   |  3 PagesComparison essay Comparison essay Compare the relationships in Romeo and Juliet and pride and prejudice BOTH CHARACTERS (Juliet and Elizabeth ) PRESENT THEIR LOVE AND EFFECTION TO THEIR LOVE ONES BY APPROACHING THEM IN A FORMAL MANNER. â€Å"O Romeo, Romeo! wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name; Or, if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love, And Ill no longer be a Capulet†. Juliet This means Juliet is asking, in allusion to the feud between her Capulet family and Romeo’sRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Essay1041 Words   |  5 PagesRomeo and Juliet Essay â€Å"Holding a grudge doesn’t make you strong; it makes you bitter. Forgiving doesn’t make you weak; it sets you free.† This quote was once stated by Dave Willis, and teaches those that forgiving is something you can do to strengthen your life, not to weaken it. In the novel, Romeo and Juliet, written by William Shakespeare in 1594, shows this lesson as well. William Shakespeare uses literary terms and language to portray how rivalries impede life’s most desirable events from happeningRead MoreContrast Essay: Romeo and Juliet906 Words   |  4 PagesContrast Essay: Romeo and Juliet Often times people say that William Shakespeare was and still is a legend. They are correct. It is amazing how Shakespeares play Romeo and Juliet written centuries ago can be better than Franco Zefferellis movie production of Romeo and Juliet, which had much better technology to work with only decades ago. Although the movie appeared better, it left out some major parts. The play had better mood and plot details which made it much more dramatic and by far aRead MoreRomeo and Juliet Persuasive Essay660 Words   |  3 PagesRomeo and Juliet Persuasive Essay This play is about a boy named Romeo and girl named Juliet. Their family are mortal enemies so that means that they are always fighting with one another. At a Capulet party Romeo and Juliet meet for the first time not knowing who each other are, until later that night that they are enemies. They begin to fall in love with each other and get married after meeting for one night. Then the drama gets to their head and they kill themselves. In Romeo and JulietRead MoreRomeo and Juliet Narrative Essay1557 Words   |  7 PagesEssay Prompt: Think about Romeo and Juliet in terms of what qualities they represent. What might Shakespeare be saying about these qualities? In a well-written essay, discuss qualities you believe Shakespeare is attempting to reveal in the characters Romeo and Juliet. In the second half of your essay, discuss which of these qualities you see in yourself. Are you more a Romeo, a Juliet, or a combination of both? Qualities that Determine Destinies Blaise Pascal, an honored French mathematician, physicistRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Argumentative Essay756 Words   |  4 PagesRomeo and Juliet Argumentative Essay William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is set in 16th century Verona, Italy. A play that relays the story of two young lovers whose ill-fated deaths end an ancient family feud. The two lovers, Romeo and Juliet, come from families who disapprove of their love. Their situation complicates as the play progresses, with an arranged marriage and several deaths. Romeo and Juliet both fall to the consequences of their secret marriage. Even from the beginning, theirRead MoreEssay on The Deaths of Romeo and Juliet1166 Words   |  5 PagesThe Deaths of Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet From forth the fatal loins of these two foes A pair of star-crossd lovers take their life; I dont agree with the quotation above because I think the tragic deaths of both Romeo and Juliet are caused by human decision. It is an indirect result of the decisions and actions Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeares plays about tragedy. It is aboutRead MoreRelationships in Romeo and Juliet Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesIn this essay, I will be examining Shakespeare’s treatment of relationships in Romeo and Juliet. As a poet and playwright, he wrote 154 sonnets, 2 long narrative poems and 38 plays, one of his most famous plays being Romeo and Juliet. There are many different types of relationships between characters, and these are essential to the play. The prologue tells us that the play is about two star-crossed lovers from two feuding families, the Montagues and Capulets. There is hatred between these two familiesRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Parenting Essay1601 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare drilled into the minds of many through his play, Romeo and Juliet, and as other authors have done in their stories, that teenagers are lazy and can’t carry the responsibilities of an adult, the truth is quite the contrary. Although the point being argued is that teenagers can fulfill the responsibilities of an adult, here are some examples of how the opposite idea is so widely believed. Now throughout William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, there are examples littered around the story of the

Pros And Cons Of The Death Penalty - 1348 Words

The United States justice system uses many methods of punishment on lawbreakers and criminals. These include jail time, community service, paroles, fines, and the most shocking, the death penalty. The death penalty, also referred to as capital punishment, was first introduced in the form of hanging hundreds of years ago when America was first established. Now, the most common way of execution proves to be death by lethal injection. For hundreds of years, people have argued over whether or not the general idea of capital punishment stands morally correct. Many have also debated if anyone holds the right to end another’s life. The death penalty, morally wrong and faulty, does not save lives but unnecessarily ruins and ends them. Everyone†¦show more content†¦Ringo, who committed his crime July of 1998, was executed on September 10, 2014. Ringo, along with an accomplice, previously robbed a restaurant and fatally shot Joanna Baysinger and Dennis Poyser. In his conclusion, Muhlhausen states the execution of Ringo â€Å"may just save the lives of several innocents† (Muhlhausen). He fails to mention, however, exactly how this death prevented more. Ringo already spent about sixteen years in prison without problems, so prison contained him his murderous ways just fine. Lives can be saved in absence of execution. The containment of criminals, rather than the death of, still prevents innocents from losing their lives. Execution may prevent deaths just as well as jail time, but only with the heavy cost of another human being’s life. The nation of America divides when it comes to capital punishment. Just thirty-one of fifty states still use the death penalty. Two years ago, August 13, the state of Connecticut ruled the death penalty unconstitutional. The court discussed the morality and the discriminatory cases of capital punishment (Caplan). Race can be a big factor when it comes to capital punishment, as a minority is about six times more likely to receive the death penalty than a white defendant. Many also argue against capital punishment because they feel the death penalty gives criminals an easy way out. Death can be easier and quicker than a life sentence or communityShow MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of The Death Penalty789 Words   |  4 Pages Death Penalty The death penalty has been a debated topic for decades. Many people believe that it serves justice to the person being executed, while others think that it does no good for either party. However, I believe the three most outstanding topics surround the death penalty are the cost of death vs. life in prison, attorney quality, and irrevocable mistakes. The first topic surrounding the death penalty is the cost of death vs. life in prison. This is a bigRead MoreDeath Penalty Pros and Cons1636 Words   |  7 Pages Pros and Cons of the Death Penalty The death penalty is a legal process whereby a person is put to death as a punishment for a crime. The death penalties are usually carried out for retribution of a heinous murder committed, such as aggravated murder, felony killing or contract killing. Every state handles what method they want to use to put a person to death according to their state laws. The death penalty is given by lethal injection, electrocution; gas chamber firing squad and hanging areRead MoreDeath Penalty Pros Cons2512 Words   |  11 PagesTop 10 Pros and Cons Should the death penalty be allowed? The PRO and CON statements below give a five minute introduction to the death penalty debate. (Read more information about our one star to five star Theoretical Credibility System) 1. Morality 2. Constitutionality 3. Deterrence 4. Retribution 5. Irrevocable Mistakes 6. Cost of Death vs. Life in Prison 7. Race 8. Income Level 9. Attorney Quality 10. Physicians at Execution PRO Death Penalty CON Death Penalty 1. Morality PRO:Read MoreDeath Penalty Pros And Cons1501 Words   |  7 Pagesthe death penalty. What laws have the Supreme Court recognized that warrant the death penalty as being cruel and unusual punishment. What are the pros and cons of the death penalty, death penalty vs. life incarceration from a financial standpoint, the death penalty is it a deterrent where crime is concerned, states that have the death penalty, the state with the highest number of death row inmates the state with the lowest, mentally ill and mental retardation, juveniles, women and the death penaltyRead MorePros And Cons Of The Death Penalty1435 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Death Penalty (DP), being also known as capital punishment, capital offence and corporal punishment, is a sentence of death imposed on a convicted criminal (1); this essay will use all the terms interchangeably. The DP breaches two fundamental human rights, namely the right to life and the right to live free from torture; both rights are protected under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) adopted by the United Nations in 1948, which contains a list of each human rightsRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of The Death Penalty915 Words   |  4 PagesThe Death Penalty is the punishment of execution to someone who legally by court of law convicted a capital crime. In the United States of America this is mainly used for aggravated murder. Additionally this means that the murder has circumstances that are severe. For instance it was planned murder, intentionally killed below the age of 13, killed someone while serving term in prison, killed a law officer, and killed someone or ill egally terminated a person’s pregnancy while in the process of committingRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of The Death Penalty1331 Words   |  6 PagesThe death penalty has always been an issue or debate in the United States, typically being asked if it should be illegal or not. As of right now there are thirty-one states, including Ohio in which I live, that still use the death penalty as it is illegal in the rest. There are many supporters of it, there is also a huge amount of opposition. There are things included in both sides that can make the argument harder to be one-sided but I believe that the death penalty should be legal throughout theRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of The Death Penalty844 Words   |  4 PagesThe death penalty takes the saying of â€Å"An eye for an eye† to a whole new level. From a very young age, everyone has been taught the undeniable truth that murder is wrong. So what makes capital punishment alright? Just because someone did something wrong, t hat doesn’t mean that person can legally be killed, as we are all human, and we all make mistakes. In the United States, 31 states allow this punishment (Sherman). Christopher Wilkins, Terry Darnell Edwards, and Rolando Ruiz are some of the manyRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of The Death Penalty1939 Words   |  8 PagesThe death penalty is a serious problem that has the United States very divided. While there are many supporters of it, there is also a large amount of opposition. Currently, there are thirty three states where the death penalty is legal and seventeen states that have abolished it . I believe the death penalty should be legal throughout the nation. Crime is all around, Wherever we look we find criminals and crime. Criminals have become a part of peoples daily lives,Some criminals commit a crimeRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of The Death Penalty948 Words   |  4 PagesDeath is something that a lot of people think about, but do people think about the Death Penalty? Having been given the death penalty means that someone is going to be put to death by a lethal injection or an electric chair; There are more ways, but the injection and the electric chair are the most used. There are many different opinions surrounding the idea of death penalties; which some people think the death penalty should be used more and some believe the complete opposite. There are two main

Determination Theory and Work Motivation Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Determination Theory and Work Motivation. Answer: Introduction: Need theory is also referred to as Three Needs Theory which was suggested by David McClelland who was a psychologist. The theory is a model of motivation which tries to give an explanation of the way needs for power, affiliation and achievement influence the actions of individuals from a managerial setting (Maslow, 1943, p. 384). The kind of motivation which drives an individual derives from the individuals life experiences and their cultural opinions. In need for achievement, employees prefer working on those tasks which are moderately difficult (Luo et al., 2011, p. 240). Additionally, they also prefer working on projects which the outcomes are based on the effort that they put on the work instead of anything else and prefer receiving feedback after they have worked. Relating the theory to the case study, Matt preferred working on those projects that he was passionate about rather than working for highly paid jobs without good customer satisfaction. Achievements based people usuall y avoid both low-risk and high-risk circumstances. In need for affiliation, employees prefer to spend their time maintaining and creating relationships (Gagn and Deci, 2005, p. 345). Evidently, they enjoy being part of a particular group and they desire to feel accepted and loved by others. These kinds of individuals have a tendency of adhering to the norms of that organization and never opt to change the norms because they fear to be rejected from the workplace (Landy and Becker, 1987, p. 35). According to the case study, Matt did not feel comfortable with the performance appraisal which was issued by Peter to him, and he had to say openly to him that he did not feel comfortable with the idea. He said that the performance appraisal did not show the real things that he did in the company which usually upset him after working extra hard for the sake of his clients but what Peter did was looking at the money made at the end of the day. In need for power, such employees place great val ue on discipline and enjoy their work. Equity theory focuses on knowing whether there is a fair distribution of the resources in the organization to both interpersonal associates. The act of equity is measured by weighing the inputs and outcomes for each employee in the organization (Walster, Berscheid, and Walster, 1976, p. 40). The equity suggests that workers in a particular organization aim at maintaining equity between the efforts they put on the job and the rewards they get after achieving all that in the company (Huseman, Hatfield and Miles, 1987, p. 222). Inputs are all that the employees contributes to the organization such as their time, hard work, commitment, among others while outcomes are the benefits that the employees receive from the organization such as rewards, job security, responsibility among others (Chapman, 2001, p. 351). In the case study, Matt was complaining that the performance appraisal did not reveal the real activities which he did in the company yet he puts much effort while serving his cust omers but the problem is that the boss only looked at the money which is made. Whatever was said by Matt indicated that the company did not reward the employee after they had done their work which might lead to discouragements and employees may not feel motivated to work anymore since their efforts were not recognized however hard they worked. Expectancy theory suggests that an individual is likely to behave in a particular way since they are being motivated to choose a precise behavior over others because of the expectations of the outcomes of that chosen behavior will be. Expectancy theory usually elaborates the behavioral procedure of the reason why people select a certain behavior over others (Wigfield, A., Eccles, 2000, p. 69). Notably, there is correlation which is positive between performance and efforts, the result of a satisfactory performance will end in an anticipated reward that is a reward from a presentation will automatically give satisfaction to a significant need and the result fulfills their need abundant to make the input worthwhile (Ryan and Deci, 2000, p. 70). In the case study, Matt after the performance appraisal was issued to him; they discussed what he could do in the following year and how they could make it occur. They agreed that Matt would take the lead on a team of great client contracts inst ead of lead a smaller number and the ratings of customer satisfaction from the contracts would be higher. Of course getting good ratings from big projects would be hard but Matt decided on that, and he was ready to give it a shot. Goal setting comprises the establishment of an activity strategy which is designed to guide and motivate employees towards achieving a specific goal. Goal setting may be directed by goal-setting rules like SMART criteria (Locke and Latham, 2002, p. 711). According to Edwin Locke, the founder of the theory, he suggested that more measurable, unambiguous, and clear objectives which are accompanied by a tight deadline for completing tend to avoid misunderstanding. It is clear that goals should be challenging and realistic for the employees to put more effort in achieving them (Deci and Ryan, 2008, p. 183). Evidently, as long as an employee takes the goal, has the capability to achieve it and does not have other goals which are conflicting, there is an optimistic linear connection concerning goal struggle and task presentation (Gunnell et al., 2014, p. 28). In the case study, Matt was willing to take the challenge of leading big customer contracts without looking at the money first, but he was willing to help the clients. This shows that Matt knew that good service delivery to customers would eventually enable him to earn good money at the end of it all. If I were Peter Finch, I would ensure that the performance appraisal was showing the real work that Matt had done for a certain period. Showing the real work that Matt had done would motivate him to continue working hard to achieve more and work on the areas that he felt he did not achieve what he had targeted for in a particular project. Rewards could also motive Matt in a great way towards achieving the goals of the company. Matt complained that Peter did not recognize his effort however hard he worked which led to discouragement and comparing him with Jack made it worse because Matt always viewed Jack as manipulative so that he could get extra cash from customers. Rewards such as bonuses, praises, promotion among others are known as good motivators when it comes to motivating employees. I could also include Matt in brainstorming ideas which he felt that could enable him improve in his work. Notably, including employees in brainstorming ideas makes them feel that they are part of t he organization and they feel that the organization values their ideas too. Brainstorming ideas would help Matt feel motivated because he would feel that the boss views his as an important person in the organization and clearly he could have listed ideas which would have helped him attain his goals. If I were Matt, I would keep myself motivated by ensuring that I always perform my work effectively without involving in manipulative activities to the customers. I would focus on meeting my targets at the right time by setting achievable goals to ensure that I do not compete with Jack at any given time. I would ensure that I do not get comfortable with the little I earn instead I would put more effort in my work. Additionally, so as to ensure my feelings toward Jack does not affect my work; I would increase my productivity by leading big projects which will increase my salary and serve the customers in the right way to ensure that they always want me to serve them the next time they come to the company. I would look for all tactics which could help me improve my productivity but still ensuring that honesty is there without manipulating anyone in the wrong way. Recommendations I would recommend that the performance appraisal to show the real work that an employee has done without hiding anything. If the work is poorly done, let the performance appraisal review all that. I would also recommend that the organization find a way of rewarding their employees after achieving their targets so as to motivate them to continue doing the same. Involving employees to brainstorm ideas in the organization I also highly recommended. In order to review the performance appraisal showing the real work of an employee, the manager should take some time to observe the work of that an employee has done for a period of time so as to give the actual results. In the case of rewards, the organization should start with small rewards such as praises, promotion to motivate employees before going to big rewards. For brainstorming, the organization should start an open forum where employees are free to share their ideas with the bosses. References Chapman, A. (2001) adams equity theory - workplace motivational theory - how individuals measure inputs and outcomes in relation to market norms and referents,' Business Balls. Available at: https://www.businessballs.com/adamsequitytheory.htm. Deci, E. L., and Ryan, R. M. (2008) Self-determination theory: A macro theory of human motivation, development, and health., Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 49(3), pp. 182185. doi: 10.1037/a0012801. Gagn, M. and Deci, E. L. (2005) Self-determination theory and work motivation,' Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(4), pp. 331362. doi: 10.1002/job.322. Gunnell, K. E., Crocker, P. R. E., Mack, D. E., Wilson, P. M. and Zumbo, B. D. (2014) Goal contents, motivation, psychological need satisfaction, well-being and physical activity: A test of self-determination theory over 6 months, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(1), pp. 1929. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.08.005. Huseman, R. C., Hatfield, J. D. and Miles, E. W. (1987) A New Perspective on Equity Theory: The Equity Sensitivity Construct,' Academy of Management. The Academy of Management Review, 12(2), p. 222. doi: 10.5465/AMR.1987.4307799. Landy, F. J., and Becker, W. S. (1987) Motivation Theory Reconsidered,' Research in Organizational Behavior, 9(April), pp. 138. Locke, E. a and Latham, G. P. (2002) Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey, The American Psychologist, 57(9), pp. 705717. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.57.9.705. Luo, W., Paris, S. G., Hogan, D. and Luo, Z. (2011) Do performance goals promote learning? A pattern analysis of Singapore students achievement goals, Contemporary Educational Psychology, 36(2), pp. 165176. doi: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2011.02.003. Maslow, A. H. (1943) A theory of human motivation,' Psychological Review, 50, pp. 370396. doi: 10.1037/h0054346. Ryan, R. and Deci, E. (2000) Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being., The American Psychologist, 55(1), pp. 6878. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68. Walster, E., Berscheid, E. and Walster, G. W. (1976) New Directions in Equity Research,' Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 9(C), pp. 142. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60057-X. Wigfield, A., Eccles, J. S. (2000) Expectancy-Value Theory of Achievement Motivation,' Contemporary Educational Psychology, pp. 6881. doi: 10.1006/ceps.1999.1015.