Canto 8 of Dante’s Inferno Essay -- Dantes Inferno Essays

In recent discussions of Canto 8 of Dante’s Inferno, many scholars have argued about Dante the pilgrim’s controversial abuse of one of the wrathful sinners of the fifth circle, Filippo Argenti. The altercation between the two is viewed in numerous lights. From one perspective it is seen as unjustified (ira mala) because Dante is seen as guilty of the sin being punished for in this circle, but also because his response was wrongly motivated. Others state that Dante’s anger was righteous (ira bona) because there was proper reasoning behind it. Kleinhenz, one particular scholar, argues that Dante’s outburst at Filippo Argenti is a result of the praise Dante received after initially criticizing the sinner. In his book, Inferno 8: The Passage Across the Styx, he maintains that Virgil’s praise â€Å"is perhaps wrongly motivated and consequently, that Dante’s reaction to Fillipo Argenti in this canto is equally erroneous†. Kleinhenz allude s to this point in his interpretation of Luke 11:27, where a woman who is praising Jesus is correct in her exaltation of the Mother and Son, but her praise is inappropriate to the situation. By analyzing the parallels between Virgil’s praise and the biblical verse, Kleinhenz argues that both Virgil and Dante’s actions are inappropriate and therefore ira mala. John A. Scott, however, views Dante’s outburst as being justified. In his book,Understanding Dante, Scott argues that Florence was very much a part of Dante’s life and that Filippo Argenti was an ostentatious man whose â€Å"arrogance and insolent display of wealth† as well as â€Å"corrupt nature† is viewed synonymously with Florence’s decline. Therefore Scott argues that Dante’s rage was appropriate because it was inspired by the new decadence of Fl... ...is anger can be viewed as ira bona and ira mala simultaneously. Wishing further pain upon Argenti in order to receive further praise from his mentor is an unreasonable excuse, but trying to become a better pupil and person by doing as his mentor says is reasonable. Becoming furious as a human instinct is rational, whereas doling out punishments while you are only a human is not. Dante did not react to the sinner in the way that he did for only one reason, instead he had many reasons to respond as he did. Works Cited Alghieri, Dante. Inferno. New York: Oxford UP, 1996. Print. John A. Scott’s Understanding Dante, Univ. of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Indiana, 2004 (210-11) Kleinhenz, Christopher. â€Å"Inferno 8: The Passage Across the Styx.† Lectura Dantis. Brown University. No. 3 Fall 1988 21 pars: 21 Sept. 2009 .

Acute Hepatitis B

Acute Hepatitis B GNUR543 St. John Fisher College Mr. Wilson is a 47 year old man being evaluated for complaints of fatigue, anorexia and abdominal distention. On examination, it is noted that the skin is jaundiced and the liver enlarged. D. W. denies significant alcohol or drug use. He denies any known exposure to hepatitis and has never been vaccinated for hepatitis. He is taking no medication. Laboratory tests reveal the following and a diagnosis of acute hepatitis B is made: 1. Review and analyze the laboratory data. What diagnosis is supported by these values? Give your rationale. Mr.Wilson’s lab work is reviewed below: * AST142 IU/L * AST (Aspartate aminotransferase) is an enzyme and blood sample results can detect if there is liver damage. AST is found in the heart and liver with much lower levels in muscles and kidneys. In a healthy person the AST is between 10-40 IU/L. If the liver is damaged, AST is released into the blood stream (Hepatitis B, 2011). * ALT120 IU/L * ALT (Alanine aminotransferase), if elevated can also be an indication of liver damage. ALT is an enzyme that is normally in the liver and kidneys. If the individual is healthy, the ALT is low, between 7-56 IU/L.Elevated ALT is an early indicator of liver damage usually elevating prior to a patient becoming jaundice (Hepatitis B, 2011). * GGT 42 IU/L * GGT (Gamma-glutamyl transferase) is an enzyme that is found in the liver but may also be in the spleen, kidneys and pancreas. As with AST/ALT, GGT is elevated when there is liver damage. The normal test range is 0 – 51 IU/L. GGT will be elevated when there is acute damage to the liver (or bile ducts) (Hepatitis B, 2011). * Alk Phos 84 IU/L * Alk Phos (Alkaline Phosphatase or ALP) is an enzyme found in the liver, bone, kidney and GI tract. Normal range for this blood test is 44 – 147 IU/L.Alk Phos, if elevated generally indicates that there is a blockage in the bile ducts. Also, if it is found to be high this means the pat ient can either have kidney disease or bone disease. To differentiate, a GGT test is also taken. If that result is high as well, a liver disease is present; if the GGT is within normal limits then the patient has bone disease (Hepatitis B, 2011). * Total Bilirubin1. 0 mg/dl * Total bilirubin is the product of damaged or broken down red blood cells in the body. The bilirubin is processed through the liver and the normal levels in the body are; 0. 3 – 1. 9 mg/dL.If this level is increased, it means that the liver is not processing the bilirubin due to liver disease (Hepatitis, 2011). * Albumin4. 3 g/dl * Albumin (ALB) measures the level of albumin in the patient’s plasma. Albumin is a protein that is made in the liver and is sensitive to any changes in liver function. Albumin mainly ensures that the cells in the body don’t leak, keep the tissues nourished and transports vitamins, calcium, hormones through the body. The normal range for Albumin is 3. 4 – 5. 4 g/dL. Albumin will be lower than normal in the case of malnutrition or liver disease (Hepatitis, 2011). HBsAgpositive * Anti-HBSnegative * Anti-HCVnegative * HIVnegative Test Name| Mr. Wilson’s Result| Normal Ranges| | AST| 142 IU/L| 10-40 IU/L| Elevated| ALT| 120 IU/L| 7-56 IU/L| Elevated| GGT | 42 IU/L| 0 – 51 IU/L| Normal| Alk Phos | 84 IU/L| 44 – 147 IU/L| Normal| Total Bilirubin| 1. 0 mg/dl| 0. 3 – 1. 9 mg/dL| Normal| Albumin| 4. 3 g/dl| 3. 4 – 5. 4 g/dL| Normal| Mr. Wilson’s labs indicate that he has chronic Hepatitis B. This is chronic because the indicators for acute liver damage are within normal limits. For example, if the patient were having an acute onset of Hepatitis B his Albumin would be low.Albumin is made in the liver and is very sensitive to any changes in the liver. If there was acute damage to the liver the Albumin value would not be in normal range. Also, Mr. Wilson’s bilirubin would be higher if he was having a cute hepatitis B. For the skin to be noticeably jaundiced the bilirubin level would usually be >2. 0 mg/dL (Hepatitis, 2011). The patients GGT would be elevated also if he was experiencing an acute episode of hepatitis B. Additional tests that might be helpful to making an accurate diagnosis would be; IgG-anti-HBc and IgM-anti-HBc.These tests show if the hepatitis is acute or chronic. The IgG-anti-HBc is positive if the patient is chronically infected. The IgM-anti-HBc would show positive if the patient is acutely infected with hepatitis B. The HBs-Ag will be positive in both acute and chronic cases. See the table below for an overview of the assessment and tests that are generally given when a new Hepatitis B diagnosis is reached. (Lok A. S. , 2011) 2. Explain the hepatocellular changes that occur with the above diagnosis. The liver has many roles in the body that associate it with many systems.For example, it acts as a digestive organ by secreting bile for the breakdown of fat (Co pstead, 2010). The liver also removes bilirubin from the blood, temporarily stores blood and synthesizes the blood clotting factors (Copstead, 2010). Other functions of the liver are; removing toxins from the blood, metabolizing both sex hormones and steroid hormones. Any damage to the liver can in turn disrupt any of these processes and functions that it performs. Some of the processes and functions can be changed in the following ways: * Liver inflammation: Inflammation in chronic hepatitis is associated with scarring.Severe inflammation can bridge together portal tracts within the liver, this is called â€Å"bridging necrosis† (Mani & Kleiner, 2009). It can also bridge to central veins, confluent necrosis (Mani & Kleiner, 2009). This leads to scarring, the creation of fibrous strands and in many cases will lead to fibrosis. Throughout the liver cells are becoming damaged therefore blocking and limiting the livers functionality. Hormone secretion, chemicals and toxins in th e blood, clotting factors and other defense fighting macrophages are interrupted (Copstead, 2010).Along with the inflammation, the patient will feel fatigued and will have a lowered immunity. * Ascites and peripheral edema: Abdominal distention, ascites, is a result of the damaged cells within the liver and more specifically the membrane of the cell has been damaged. There is an intra-abdominal buildup of sodium, water and protein. The cells in the liver are unable to maintain the appropriate osmotic gradient across the pleura (Copstead, 2010). This extra fluid is likely to accumulate in the dependant areas of a person’s body, such as ankles, legs, and arms (Kukka, 2010). Jaundice: Red blood cells have a short life span and as they die and/or are damaged the body will break them down and dispose of them. This is referred to as bilirubin metabolism and this happens in three phases; pre, intra and posthepatic. (Copstead, 2010). The red blood cells should be broken down, deliver ed to the liver and then transported through the biliary system and thus be wasted via the kidney’s or the colon. With damaged liver cells, the bilirubin is not excreted from the liver and there is a buildup of the conjugated bilirubin and the result is jaundice (Copstead, 2010).Other changes due to the liver damage are portal hypertension, gastric and esophageal varacies, vitamin mal-absorption, poor blood clotting and altered mental status (Copstead, 2010). The liver has such far reaching effect on so many organs and systems in the body that any damage to the liver will result in decreased functioning of other systems. Immediate tests to determine the cause and extend of the damage would be imperative to managing the disease going forward. 3. How should the disease be managed and monitored? Explain your rationale.If pharmacotherapeutics are used, explain your rationale and their mechanism of action. First steps would be to order additional labs including, IgM-anti-HBc, IgG- anti-HBc, HBeAg, HBV DNA, CBC with PT and electrolytes. In cases of acute hepatitis B, symptoms sometimes go unnoticed. The virus will normally go away on its own and if treatment is given, it is for the symptoms and most adults recover fully (Hepatitis B, 2011). But in the case of chronic HBV, the patient will need to be monitored to see if the virus is replicating (Lok A. S. , 2011). In patients with chronic HBV, the treatment oals are to reduce the long term effects of liver damage, prevent the transmission of the virus to others and manage any complications along the way (Lok A. S. , 2011). A clear diagnosis of chronic hepatitis B is needed. Results of blood work will determine the course of treatment. In Mr. Wilson’s case, with only the first lab results, it appears that he is in the active chronic infection stage. At this point the liver damage is still minimal. Because there does not seem to be significant liver damage a liver biopsy would not be indicated at this poin t (Lok A. S. , 2011).As the practitioner, I would recommend more blood tests, as noted above, and ongoing monitoring of the virus every few months. This will help in determining the activity of the virus. The medications used to treat chronic hepatitis B tend to have serious side effects. The patient must be willing to make a commitment to continue the therapy and adhere to close monitoring during any drug treatments (Hepatitis B, 2011). Supportive medicines are important to assist in treating side effects of the virus. For example, diuretics are prescribed if edema is not resolving on its own.Vitamins and minerals are indicated if labs show deficiency due to decreased liver function. If it is determined that Mr. Wilson’s virus is active (meaning he is able to infect others) there are new drugs available to choose from. Antiviral treatments include (Hepatitis, 2011): 1. Entecavir – a. A pill taken once a day for up to a year b. Used when DNA viral cells are actively re plicating 2. Interferon Alpha c. Injection a few times per week for up to a year d. Used when patient has compensated liver disease 3. Pegylated Interferon e. Injection once per week for up to a year f.Used when patient had compensated liver disease and evidence of viral replication and liver inflammation 4. Lamivudine g. A pill taken once a day for a year or more h. Used when patient has active liver inflammation and active viral replicating 5. Adefovir Dipivoxil i. A pill taken once a day for a year or more j. Used in patients with chronic HBV 6. Telbivudine k. A pill taken once a day for a year or more l. Used in patients with active viral replication, persistent elevations in ALT or AST or histologically active disease 7. Tenofovir m. A pill taken once a day for a year or more n. Used in patients with chronic HBVThe medicines listed above are used alone or more likely in conjunction with others. These are currently the only hepatitis B drugs that are approved by the FDA (Lok & M cMahon, 2009). According to the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) Practice Guidelines, the ultimate goal of therapy is to suppress the replication of the virus and put the liver disease into remission (Lok & McMahon, 2009). This is monitored by watching the patients ALT, AST and other liver, viral and blood tests. The viral tests are imperative to determine the proper adjustments in medications.For example, interferon has been shown to reduce the viral replication and inducing liver disease remission (Lok & McMahon, 2009). Also, a newer drug, tenovir has shown significant promise in reducing viral levels in patients as compared to adefovir (Lok & McMahon, 2009). Practitioners need to watch for resistance as well when using the anti-viral drugs. As noted, the drugs are used in combination as well and these have shown to be more effective than when they are used alone. The effects of combined usage are better antiviral effects and delayed resistance (Lok & M cMahon, 2009).Mr. Wilson’s ALT, HBeAg lab values and his HBV DNA will be a main determinate to the type of therapy he will receive. A liver biopsy will be indicated later on if his  HBsAg is positive for more than six months, his serum HBV DNA is greater than >20,000 IU/mL and he has persistent or intermittent elevations in his ALT/AST levels (Kukka, 2010). Summary Hepatitis B can be chronic or acute. When a person has acute hepatitis B they generally don’t even notice and never need treatment. If treatment is needed it is supportive treatment for the symptoms of the acute virus infection.Chronic hepatitis B patients are at risk for cirrhosis and HCC (hepatic cellular carcinoma) (Kukka, 2010). Patients that have chronic HBV need to be educated on the risk of infecting others and will, in some cases, need to alter their lifestyle to protect others from getting the virus. Treatment is dependent on the blood work up that is obtained. It is very important that a patient that goes on antiviral treatment remain on it to reduce drug resistant strains. Also, patients must be evaluated and treated for the side effects of the anti-virals as well as the symptoms of other affected organs and systems in the body.References Copstead, L. -E. C. (2010). Pathophysiology. St. Louis: Saunders. Hepatitis. (2011, July 6). Retrieved March 26, 2012, from Lab Tests Online: http://labtestsonline. org Hepatitis B. (2011, July 6). Retrieved March 25, 2012, from Lab Tests Online: http://labtestsonline. org Hepatitis B. (2011, September 1). Retrieved March 24, 2012, from Mayo Clinic: http://www. mayoclinic. com/health Kukka, C. M. (2010). Hepatitis B Fact Sheet. HCSP Publications. Lexicomp. (2012). Retrieved February 5, 2012, from Lexicomp: https://online-lexi. com Liver Blood Tests. (2012, March 28).Retrieved March 30, 2012, from e Medicine Health: http://www. emedicinehealth. com/ Lok, A. S. (2011, February 16). Overview of the management of hepatitis B. Retrieved March 24, 2012, from UpToDate: http://www. uptodate. com Lok, A. S. , & McMahon, B. J. (2009). Chronic Hepatitis B: Update 2009. Alexandria: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Mani, H. , & Kleiner, D. E. (2009, May 1). Liver Biopsy Findings in Chronic Hepatitis B. Retrieved April 1, 2012, from University of Pennsylvania, Department of Medicine: http://webdev. med. upenn. edu

Conflict Theory And Labeling Theory - 1480 Words

Conflict theory and labeling theory are two similar theories in the world of crime. It has been debated whether or not there is a clear line separating the two theories. By evaluating the two theories, the differences between them can become more obvious and it becomes easier to separate the two. In addition to conflict theory and labeling theory, there is another type of theories that are used to explain crime. These theories focus more on a criminal s lifetime and how their criminal records have evolved over time. Two of the leading theories in this realm of criminology are Moffit’s theory of life course persistent offenders and Sampson and Laub’s age-graded theory of informal social control. These theories both explain why people commit or don t commit crime. There are similarities between the theories and also differences. By analyzing all four of these theories, a better understanding can be gained related to crime. The traditional view of crime has sometimes been that if a government is tougher on crime, the crime rates will go down. There are theories that suggest the state interventions can reduce the crime rates and are key to solving areas of high crime. However, labeling theory challenges all of this. This theory suggests that state intervention can actually increase crime rates. By assigning labels to â€Å"criminals† and â€Å"felons†, the state is deepening the problems that are getting people to turn to crime in the first place. Labeling theory states that the stateShow MoreRelatedThe Conflict Theory And Labeling Theory Essay1961 Words   |  8 Pagescompare and contrast the Conflict theory and the Labeling theory. The conflict theory and Labeling theory have little similarities even though they both deal with deviance and see crime as a social construct these two theories have more differences than similarities. The Labeling theory deals with conflict in more peaceful ways such as trying to end the conflict and eliminate it from the socialist system, and trying to solve the powerful oppressing the powerless. This theory uses the irony of socialRead MoreConflict and Labeling Theory Essay1337 Words   |  6 PagesConflict and Labeling Theory Labeling theory is concerned less with that causes the onset of an initial delinquent act and more with the effect that official handling by police, courts, and correctional agencies has on the future of youths who fall into the court system. Labeling theory states that youths violate the law for a number of reasons; these reasons are poor family relationships, neighborhood conflict, peer pressure, psychological and biological abnormality and delinquent learning experiencesRead MoreLabeling And Conflict Theory On Social Issues843 Words   |  4 Pages The labeling theory is basically about folks who committed deviant behavior; as a result, the individual is to be labeled based on the merit of the offense. As I will elaborate in more details below, scholars are skeptical about the labeling theory and their concern is that it may leads to individuals in engaging in deviant behavior. In contrast, conflict theory mostly focuses on social issues, in particular the lack of economic opportunity for everyone throughout the nation. Also, as mentionedRead MoreA Comparison of Conflict and Labeling Theory in the Context of Youth Gangs1531 Words   |  7 Pagesal. 2013; Yoder et al. 2003). This paper will examine the factors associated with youth gang membership using Karl Marxs conflict theory and labeling theory in comparison. Although conflict theory helps explain why a troublesome economy and coming from a low-socioeconomic status contributes to gang involvement, the theory has its limitations. On the other hand, labeling theory is unable to fully explain youth gang involvement based on the aforementioned factors. That being said, it can give a betterRead MoreEssay on The Boondock Saints’ Positive Deviance1348 Words   |  6 PagesSocial theory of deviance can easily explain the brothers’ actions. The movie can be used to study deviance as the brothers kill people who are mafia members, breaking the norms of society. Even though the acts they are committing are clearly illegal and deviant, the people of South Boston do not react in a negative way. Since the Social theory is very broad, it will be easier to look at the brother’s acts under three sub theories: Labeling, Conflict and Strain theories. The Social theory of devianceRead MoreLabeling Theory And Self Identity1155 Words   |  5 PagesLabeling theory holds that individuals come to identify and act as per their labels. The major tenet of this theory is that the behavior and self-identity of individuals is affected by the way they are described by other people (Vold, Bernard, Snipes, Gerould, 2016). According to this theory, the act of deviance is not implicit in a particular act, but is hedged on the inclination of the majority to ascribe labels to minorities in society who deviate from standard behavior. Labeling leads to dramatizationRead MoreTheories, Conflict Theories And Developmental Theories957 Words   |  4 Pagesnot commit crime in comparison to other groups of individuals. 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In criminology, examining why people commit the crime is very importantRead MoreTaking a Look at the Labeling Theory909 Words   |  4 Pages The labeling theory is one of the critical perspective sociologi cal theories of crime. Labeling theory was the first of the critical perspectives and like the other critical perspectives, it considers defining crime, as well as applying a label to those who commit what is defined as a crime to be problematic. Among the issues addressed by labeling theory are defining deviance based on primary deviance through implementing a label on the offender, discrimination by formal institutions, as well asRead MoreAbstract . The Labeling Theory Proposes That Once A Juvenile1582 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract The labeling theory proposes that once a juvenile has been labeled a deviant or delinquent they become stigmatized as a criminal, and begin to believe the label or accept it in a self-fulfilling prophecy. Because of these labels, many juveniles continue with their deviant acts because they feel obligated to act out in a negative manner. Sociologists Tannenbaum, Becker, Lement are more interested in the reaction to the crime, not the cause of the crime, and have theorized that once an

Definition and Examples of Generification

Generification is the use of specific brand names of products as names for the products in general.   In numerous cases over the past century, the colloquial use of a brand name as a generic term has led to the loss of a companys right to the exclusive use of that brand name. The legal term for this is genericide. For example, the common nouns aspirin, yo-yo, and trampoline were once legally protected trademarks. (In many countries—but not in the United States or the United Kingdom—Aspirin remains a registered trademark of Bayer AG.) Etymology:  From the Latin, kind Generification and Dictionaries A surprising number of words have developed contentious generic meanings: they include aspirin, band-aid, escalator, filofax, frisbee, thermos, tippex, and xerox. And the problem facing the lexicographer [dictionary-maker] is how to handle them. If it is everyday usage to say such things as I have a new hoover: its an Electrolux, then the dictionary, which records everyday usage, should include the generic sense. The principle has been tested several times in the courts and the right of the dictionary-makers to include such usages is repeatedly upheld. But the decision still has to be made: when does a proprietary name develop a sufficient general usage to be safely called generic? From Brand Names to Generic Terms These words below have gradually slipped from brand names to generic terms: Elevator and escalator were both originally trademarks of the Otis Elevator Company.Zipper: A name given to a separable fastener by the B.F. Goodrich Company many years after it was invented. The new name helped the zipper attain popularity in the 1930s.Loafer: For a moccasin-like shoe.Cellophane: For a transparent wrap made of cellulose.Granola: A trademark registered in 1886 by W.K. Kellogg, now used for a natural kind of breakfast cereal.  Ping pong: For table tennis, a trademark registered by Parker Brothers in 1901. Source David Crystal,  Words, Words, Words. Oxford University Press, 2006  Allan Metcalf, Predicting New Words:  The Secrets of Their Success. Houghton Mifflin, 2002

How Social Class And Race Limits Opportunity - 1567 Words

How social class and race limits opportunity in education America’s education system is one of the most respectable, reputable and sought after commodities in our society, but it is also the most overcrowded, discriminatory, and controversial system ever established. Most people yearn for a higher education because it s what s expected in this society in order to get ahead. It means a better job, more money, power, prestige and a sense of entitlement. But this system has let down the children that are supposed to benefit from it. Education discriminates against minorities, and poorer class students are not expected nor encouraged to attain a higher education. The education system is set up to ensure that every child get a basic†¦show more content†¦She herself was put in the education system thinking she must assimilate, but with perseverance and the determination to succeed on her own terms, she was seen as the exception in her culture. Being the exception, angered Hooks and made her more determined to help children rid th emselves of this stereotype. Being successful in education means it was hard fought and deserved not just an exception. In trying to establish an identity that borders their own culture and one that s accepted within the education system, children are often teased, ridiculed, and mocked. This continues until they conform to the behavior accepted by their peers. Children are often taught to disregard family values and traditions which undermines a child s character. Having a teacher or peer reinforce the fact that their behavior isn t acceptable has devastating and lasting effects on children because they don t know any better. Language is a good example of a difficulty a minority child might have when encountering an educational setting. In order to be successful, a child must have the opportunity to relate both with their community and their educational system to take one away with little explanation leaves a child confused. As Bell Hooks says, that to deny ourselves daily use of s peech patterns that are common and familiar, that embody the unique and distinctive aspect of our self is one of the ways we become estranged and alienated

Mental Health Mood and Behavior

Question: Discuss about theMental Healthfor Mood and Behavior. Answer: Mental illness is psychological disorder that affects a persons feeling, mood and behavior. It significantly has an effect on the daily life experience of participants and mentally ill patients are challenged by these issues in their life. Effective recovery process in mentally ill patient is dependent early diagnosis. The recovery-oriented principle of mental health practice emphasizes on delivering the mental health services in such a way that it support mental health consumer in the recovery process. For a mentally ill patient, recovery means retaining the hope, social identify, positive feeling and purpose of life. The recovery principle provides this to patient by identifying the uniqueness of the individual, empowering people to make real choices, respecting rights of patient and preserving the dignity of patients (Kidd, Kenny, McKinstry, 2015). Through the examination of the lived experience of mental illness in Mary O Hagan, the essay analyses the difference between clinical and personal recovery. It also explores the challenges faced by mental health nurses in working according to the recovery-oriented principle. The analysis of the extract reading from the O Hagan, (2014) presents the case of Janet, a nineteen year old girl who started experiencing severe distress and had a difficult life for years. Between the age of 10 to 15, she was sexually abused by her uncle and she later resorted to heavy drinking to deal with her shame. With this background experience of Jane, the article presents two versions of the story. The two versions differentiate between the impact of traditional mental health service and recovery oriented mental health service on health of Jane (OHagan, 2014). While the traditional mental health service focuses on clinical recovery, personal recovery is also an aspect of recovery. According to the perspective of mental health professionals, clinical recovery is achieved when patients get rid of symptoms and treatment process restores their social functioning in life. In short, it means getting back to living a normal life (Drake Whitley, 2014). On the other hand, personal r ecovery is an idea given by people with lived experience of mental illness and for them personal recovery means the process of changing attitude, values, skills and goal in mentally ill patients. It encourages the idea of living a hopeful life within the limitations of illness. A person can go beyond the devastating effect of mental illness by developing a new interest or meaning in ones life (Hickey, Pryjmachuk, Waterman, 2016). Hence, clinical recovery promotes recovery by mitigating the symptoms of mental illness, whereas the personal recovery motivates a patient to live a hopeful life within the boundaries of mental illness. Recovery-oriented principle also promotes personal recovery of patients. The benefits of recovery-oriented principle and the limitations of the traditional mental health service is understood from the two versions of the story regarding the lived experience of Jane. In the first version, Janet was taken to a mental health service by her friend Emma, when she decided to jump off a motorway bridge. As the GP was not available, Janet finally consulted the mental health crisis team. Due to the irrational response of the crisis team, Janet took an overdose of drugs as she felt humiliated. Janet did not received the proper clinical care that she needed from the psychiatrist and most of the staff were not interested in knowing how Janet felt or coped with her condition on a daily basis. Furthermore, she was overwhelmed with gloomy feelings about future and felt crazy with boredom as she remained locked in the ward. The psychiatrist was very evasive and did not have any feasible practical ad vice to give to Janets mother apart from taking her medications on time. The ultimate impact of such treatment methods on Janet was that she was estranged from her family member. She has left work for almost five years and continuous injections and drug has left little vitality in her (OHagan, 2014). The above experience of Janet reflects that traditional mental health service completely ignored the patients belief and dignity while providing care. They did not worked on enhancing the motivation level of patient to promote recovery. This model of clinical recovery focused just on eliminating the symptoms; however it ignored spiritual well-being of patients. In case of mentally ill patients, it is necessary that patient freedom, choices and hope is modified so that they develop a new meaning in life and learns to cope with the disease even if the patients continues to have the disease (Tickle, Brown, Hayward, 2014). The limitations found in traditional clinical recover process can be addressed by the recovery-oriented principles of mental health. The advantage of this model of care above other mental health service is that focuses on the lived experience of patients to promote attitudinal change in patients. The combination of lived experience along with clinical skill of mental health practitioners offers the opportunity to challenges the traditional method of mental health service delivery. In this case, the treatment in informed by lived experience of patients (Park et al., 2014). Although recovery-oriented practice has emerged as a innovative method of practice in mental health service, however the uptake of recovery orientation has many challenges. Unless a staff understands the concrete benefit of this approach, they cannot implement it in their practice setting. Mental health nurses may not understand the meaning of recovery according to this approach (Slade et al., 2014). The core elements of the recovery oriented approach and its holistic benefit is understood from the second version of Janets theory, which depicts her health outcome after seeking the recovery-oriented approach to mental health. In this case, Janets friend, Emma consulted online mental health service rockup.com after Janet tried to commit suicide. In the online website, Janet had to answer some questions and got a phone call from Rock Up. Janet felt very relieved after talking to the peer support worker and the clinical worker as it gave her the feeling that staff are willing to listen and understand. This reflects partnership and communication aspect of recovery oriented principle where carers promote recovery by working in positive partnership with patients to realize the goals and aspiration in mental health. The willingness to listen gives the feeling to patient that mental health professionals and courteous and respectful during the interaction (Rapp Goscha, 2011).As Lisa also listened patiently to Janets health issues and difficulties in life, it promoted sensitivity and respect in patient nurse relationship. The second version of Janets story mentions the adequate support given to Janet by the Rock Up service as she started feeling suicidal after few weeks. Lisa shifter her to a peer-run crisis home where she felt very safe and her peer mentor, Helen counseled her and explained her about the different factors leading to mental problem. In the first version, when Janet was feeling paranoid and felt like she was feeling to die, the nurse did not provided any support to her and just opened the window and asked her to sleep. However, when Janet faced a similar situation at Rock Up, the peer worker rubbed her back and assured her that her feeling will go away after sometime. By this form of practice, mentally ill patients feel valued and develop an optimistic attitude during the treatment process. This is an example of carer-inclusive approach to service delivery (A national framework for recovery-oriented mental health services, 2017). Helens role was influential in helping Janet cope with her life struggles and she became an inspiration for Janet. Many positive outcome was seen in Janet as felt relaxed to share her feelings with someone who had a lived experience of mental illness and who seem to understand her difficulties and struggle very well. Initially she was clueless about her life and felt highly isolated, however after the interaction with Janet she was more hopeful towards life. This was a significant change as this motivated her to engage in pleasure activities like art sessions and creative writing group. She also applied for an online recovery education course. She became aware of the pros and cons of medication and decided to take minimal dose of anti-psychotics. The struggle that she faced initially at nursing school was also addressed by student support services as it helped Janet to find strategies to manage stress in nursing placement. The ultimate impact of the recovery-oriented practice for Jan et six years later was that she made new friends and her work gave her the opportunity to shared her lived experience with other patients. Her life is much better and positive most of the time (OHagan, 2014). Hence, the analysis of the experience of Janet in Rock Up depicts that other form of response is possible so that patient are engaged in their personal recovery process. Recovery oriented principle not only promotes self-determination in patient to deal with life struggles, it also support them in establishing appropriate connection with the community. Mental health professional following this approach can facilitate social justice for this group of patients too (Gilburt et al., 2013). The essay developed the understanding of the lived experience of mental health by means of experience of Janet, mentioned in the autobiography by O, Hagan. The account of the lived experience of Janet in two context- the traditional mental health service and recovery-oriented service clearly revealed the difference in outcome between these two forms of intervention in promoting recovery of mentally ill patients. Although the clinical recovery focus on elimination of physical symptoms of mental illness, the recovery oriented principle integrated clinical recovery along with personal recovery to ensure that patients lead a positive and contributing life even with the disease. Recovery-oriented practice is gradually emerging in mental health setting, however nurses face challenges in its application as they feel that they cannot follow it in their day to work. Traditional mental health services ignore this method as any new practice is associated with great resistance from staffs. Appro priate policy and training of staffs is needed to efficiently implement and integrate recovery-oriented practice in mainstream mental health service. Reference A national framework for recovery-oriented mental health services. (2017). Retrieved 22 April 2017, from https://www.mhima.org.au/pdfs/Recovery%20Framework%202013_Policy_theory.pdf Drake, R. E., Whitley, R. (2014). Recovery and severe mental illness: description and analysis.The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry,59(5), 236-242. Gilburt, H., Slade, M., Bird, V., Oduola, S., Craig, T. K. (2013). Promoting recovery-oriented practice in mental health services: a quasi-experimental mixed-methods study.BMC psychiatry,13(1), 167. Hickey, J. E., Pryjmachuk, S., Waterman, H. (2016). Exploring personal recovery in mental illness through an Arabic sociocultural lens.Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. Kidd, S., Kenny, A., McKinstry, C. (2015). The meaning of recovery in a regional mental health service: an action research study.Journal of advanced nursing,71(1), 181-192. OHagan, M. (2014). Madness Made Me. A Memoir.Wellington, NZ: Open Box. Park, M. M., Zafran, H., Stewart, J., Salsberg, J., Ells, C., Rouleau, S., ... Valente, T. W. (2014). Transforming mental health services: a participatory mixed methods study to promote and evaluate the implementation of recovery-oriented services.Implementation science,9(1), 119. Rapp, C. A., Goscha, R. J. (2011).The strengths model: A recovery-oriented approach to mental health services. OUP USA. Slade, M., Amering, M., Farkas, M., Hamilton, B., O'Hagan, M., Panther, G., ... Whitley, R. (2014). Uses and abuses of recovery: implementing recovery?oriented practices in mental health systems.World Psychiatry,13(1), 12-20. Tickle, A., Brown, D., Hayward, M. (2014). Can we risk recovery? A grounded theory of clinical psychologists' perceptions of risk and recovery?oriented mental health services.Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice,87(1), 96-110.

R.S Peters free essay sample

Richard Stanley Peters was a British philosopher. His work belongs mainly to the areas of political theory, philosophical psychology, and philosophy of education. Peters gives us an idea about the notion of discipline, authority and freedom. In ethics and education, R. S Peters speaks of education as ‘initiation into activities or modes of thought and conduct that are worthwhile’. According to Peter, the notion of discipline is tied to the learning situation and refers to the very general activity of submission to rules or system of order, whether externally brought about or self-imposed. The formal school education will be difficult to maintain without the existence of certain rules. Children are socialised in such a way that from an early stage itself some form of discipline are adopted in the form of reward and sanction at school. As they grow, they adapt themselves to the situation and implement the disciplines in their lives. We will write a custom essay sample on R.S Peters or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Adults are the first teachers in a child life. A child can take the parents or a teacher at school itself as a role model and disciplined himself according to the disciplines of the role model. So it is very important for a teacher to be a disciplined one. The concept of social control at school is linked with authority. Teachers are put in authority to do certain jobs for the community and to maintain social control at school at the same time. As teachers, they are naturally given authority over the students. Part of what a teacher is expected to do is to maintain an orderly environment conducive to learning, for the benefit of all concern. However, when teachers find that learners are not respecting this ‘authority’, teachers may try to back it up with corporal punishment. We must note that by doing so, teachers are moving away from true legitimate authority into the area of power and force. Authority is based on right while power and force have nothing to do with rights. It was R. S Peters who first pointed out the difference between a teacher ‘in authority’ and a teacher being ‘an authority. Teachers are legitimately placed in authority. This authority needs to be built and maintained. Teachers as ‘an authority’ have a sound, broad and deep knowledge of what is to be taught and how to teach it. Freedom has both positive and negative dimension. Freedom is important as it promotes the interest of people and maximises the opportunities for doing what is worthwhile. However, teachers and parents are often put into dilemma of whether to let the children decide for themselves or not. Many children often choose what is bad and their life changes from good to bad as their choice proceed. In educational aspect, the application of freedom is not so simple. Children are compelled to go to school and also the conditions under which learning takes place make it imperative that something like the rule of law should be established within the educational situation. There are many controversies concerning authority, freedom and discipline in the education system. Some would argue that freedom is morally desirable and a minimum authority should be exercised on children so that they are ready for adulthood. Some would say that the current lack of law in the community is exactly the outcome of too much freedom.